Trinity extended order of human cooperation:
Hayek's spontaneous order theory of Review (the)
- my political and legal concept (fifth)
Third, the market expansion as the core of the order mechanism
liberalism means first to market exchange through the effective allocation of resources, and thus the order of Hayek's vision of free primary mechanism is the market, only through the market, people can use their knowledge to the pursuit of knowledge outside their own objectives, which constitute the majority of the interests of social life, the foundation upon which; for example, Hayek pointed out, , but only to obtain some, in their view will help them achieve that ultimate goal of the means; and their choice of real-time purposes, but also by the opportunities they are aware of the decision. grams but also distinguishes between two kinds of cognitive theory: First round of the cognitive theory, which emphasizes the rational people get to know all the answers the law of development of society, and, I believe all systems are useful for the design conscious; First to man's purpose. Hayek believes that the former is opposed to free all the results and bring freedom to the value given to all premises, which will become the enemies of freedom; the contrary, the latter stressed that It is something without the conscious design to provide growth opportunities, a free society has been able to play the role of intention, largely relying on free growth out of that system. kinds of It tends to establish a rational based on each individual action, and both have knowledge of personal hygiene and good assumption that rationality has a first position; therefore, by virtue of individual rationality, personal enough to know and according to the preferences of members of the society taking into account the type social system structure and details of the situation must be. Second, the evolution of critical rationalism, it is set on a per-person the underlying determinants; Therefore, because each person's knowledge is limited, so individuals can not rationally design the future, but only through trial and error way to get experience. that is why, in the Under the adjustment based on past experience, to form a kind of social rules; Hayek said, the relative importance of the purpose of reaching a consensus among those omniscient and omnipotent, is actually no need to have rules. it will never leave its own and to view its own operation; the same time, individual rationality in understanding the role of social life, there is also a great extent, this is because individual rationality but a form rooted in the social structure of rules of conduct into the system, so it can not escape the formation and development of its traditions and social and achieved a status.
, of course, Hayek admits that reason that people possess the most precious gift, his argument is to show that the reason is not universal; Moreover, Hayek particularly worried, gradual growth conditions, resulting in the abuse of reason, we are doing is to prevent the abuse of reason. irrational things essential to retain an independent origin of mm which is to develop rational and effective operation of the only environment. look to do something rational, Hume inherited must first know the reason before the function, to improve a whole must first know and use the forces within the system; therefore, construction, not the whole of the building, but had to use at every stage of the historical data at hand to amend the details step by step, not the innovative design as a whole. kinds of tests can only come from the freedom of individuals in society according to their specific environment's attempt, while the We also reject some of the resulting situation so that the proposal put forward by those in power than the higher of the program was shut out system and other social-type structure of the social order is divided into two diametrically opposite: It is not generated is constructed. Hayek borrowed the Greek spontaneous order (endogenous order), and that, experts said, is a self-coordination r l or r, l self-organizing system, ; to refer to an artificial order (a made order), or generated by the external organizational order (exoenous order), and that, and therefore in this sense, it is the implementation of exogenous or external forces, objectives as a precondition.
According to this distinction, Hayek further comparison of the two order difference in the operation mechanism: (1) spontaneous order and the primary differences between the organizations is that they have shown sequence of production methods: from the spontaneous order but to pursue their own purposes in those between individuals spontaneously generated, which means that any individual does not know his actions and the actions of others will have the combination of what consequences; organization is consistent with the orderly operation of the result, because the organization of cooperation and harmony but the result of centralized guidance. (2) relies on two types of social order and the coordination of different means: the type of spontaneous structure, is these elements in order to respond to their immediate environment to follow certain rules when the outcome; and coordinated division of labor in an organization's social structure is a hierarchy of command and obedience. (3) Spontaneous Order for different individuals to achieve their respective aims to provide a useful condition, and an organization is to contribute to the implementation of a first determine the specific purpose of a collective tool; Spontaneous Order specific rules of conduct is ;, they only defines the legitimate individual action areas, and social activities to allow participants to freely within the limits of the plan according to their own choices and determine their activities, and ensure the organization and coordination of command is through the provisions of its possible Members of the way to establish the specific activities to promote the collective goal of the first set.
Thus, in Hayek's view, personal knowledge, and in taxis, you are the organizer of the essence and goals to determine the order of generation. So compared to the situation and the natural order, in which the organization of knowledge can be used is always very limited, because natural order, all members have passed without any prior knowledge of the organizers, will be able to play a role in the formation of order. can be ordered in the taxis in the behavior of the complex is bound to be limited to the organizers to know the behavior of spontaneous order in no such restrictions. Can this spread of knowledge by the use of taxis for the organizers do?
Hayek believes that an important feature of knowledge is that it's difficult to transfer and delivery of, and therefore it must be difficult to have all the knowledge their communicate to others; It is because of knowledge of the transaction, passing the cost may be huge, so the use of social knowledge complementarity there must also be difficult to overcome. Moreover, many dispersed individuals to personally take advantage of the knowledge, only the process of developing action plans became clear up before, so this information can be obtained mm for example, learned his relative lack of various substances mm to only with his environment in which the emergence of specific work to proceed; Therefore, the problem is not just the use of existing knowledge, but also because under the existing conditions as much as possible to find valuable information. In particular, taxis itself organizers in order to achieve a specific goal or series of objectives designed, If his information on the available means of information, they would try by defining the location and behavior of each person to carry out his will, to form a closed organization. Thus, the human community, especially the intelligence community's main problem is that How can we use to spread, local, and sometimes even conflicting views exist in the form of knowledge; Obviously, this depends on the entire society coordination between personal knowledge.
particular, Hayek fully developed Socrates motto: Ignorance is the mother of wisdom open; this emphasis on ignorance of the more widely. action will have important implications for the conscious knowledge of human limitations, and thus the scope of people's ignorance will continue to increase and expand; knowledge of the discrete characteristics, when the individual will expand the scope of the inevitable ignorance, nor even in the personal knowledge of this Most of the state of knowledge is ignorance. It is because of a profound understanding of the dispersion of knowledge and complementary, the sum of the individual's knowledge is by no means as an integrated whole through knowledge exist, so the content of Hayek's concept of ignorance more widely; for example, Hayek's ignorance at least include: (1) actors why they should apply some form of tool is ignorant; (2) the extent to which actors depend for their action to a particular way and not the other way they are ignorant. For this reason, Hayek stressed that it is our ignorance more seriously time; In fact, Hayek, the overall order can be transformed into actors is how to ; to know the accumulated knowledge of human society and the growth of the deepening division of labor, individuals are also more widely in areas of ignorance, this time based on social development and a growing need for a specific individual in possession of information about a specific time and location-specific knowledge, and thus Harge gram emphasizes the coordinating role of the market mechanism. the one hand, a kind of tacit knowledge but practical knowledge, is a feel relevant, but also by the formation of that feeling; Thus, the , and in such a position is the core of the network, but people do not know the results follow the general rules of social behavior. On the other hand, the market is able to ensure the best use of the natural knowledge of mechanisms, because the market price mechanism as dissemination of information, the hands of millions of people the means of information, the market system but a discovery of the technology, rather than a well-known method of resource allocation; It is through the price system, the role of the division of labor is not only possible, but may also be evenly distributed in the coordination of knowledge on the basis of use of resources, and therefore free to use their knowledge and skills level. For this reason, Hayek stressed that spontaneous order or self-discovery, this order is to enable all members of society of knowledge and technology than in any central guidance in order to create more widely used depends only on the order as a clear knowledge that the inevitable can only be used in society scattered among a small part of knowledge. matter of fact, Hayek stressed that those who seek to control the economic engineer : He only cares about a single goal, this goal of all efforts made to control and dominate the range defined for this purpose existing resources. This makes his work may be one of the most typical features, namely, at least in principle, said that the operation of complex engineering components, to achieve on completion of the engineering mind, as its data base of all l r, have been clearly included in the calculation of his prior, and was drawn into a blueprint, this dominance the implementation of the program The technology is only applicable to the facts under the objective determine the typical environment, not for how to find out what resources are available, or the different needs which is more important in this problem. Marxist analysis of the information can not adapt to change, can not use practical use of widely distributed knowledge, because the market is a mechanism to take advantage of knowledge; Moreover, the interaction between people, the market will continue to produce new spontaneous social order, social development and should only market is the result of evolution.
, of course, Hayek admits that individuals can go against the traditional rules and new practices through experiments, and as the inventor of the generation as a the new behavior becomes routine, and with traditional and other new modes of behavior in the competition more and more through the group of individuals to imitate the win. Moreover, Hayek did not organize the competition in the market as the opposite, on the contrary, but that use of special means at its disposal to help those who are out of this or that reason can not earn from the market, the minimum income people. sex, as Buchanan commented, m constitutionalist view of constructivism together. designed to enhance organizational knowledge, and only in its design is based on real knowledge and belief, it is valid. hh, therefore, must be voluntary organization formed and placed in the free atmosphere, so that the organization is beneficial and effective; organizations must constantly adapt itself to fit in the beginning can not be taken into account, otherwise, would lead to decline plans to build and operate, while in all operations, they can only use the accepted knowledge of the most effective, it will stifle the creativity of human thought, leading to stagnation of civilization; The reason is that has been so thoroughly to all the action and placed around the environment under the control of its existing knowledge that can not provide an opportunity for the birth of new knowledge. constant challenge to exist and develop long-lasting, and the elimination of existing thought process. in large part, originate new ideas and his ilk action (usually non-rational action) and the occurrence of material factors that impact each other's place. theorists are faced with a dilemma: is the reason for the hostility of the building and around the world at that time a flourishing practice in social reform movement, Hayek chosen to In fact, as pointed out earlier, Hayek distinguishes between two types of social order: First, as a personal adjustment and follow the rules of interaction between the numerous participants in the network order, and the second is already established as a rule or standardized system of order. Hayek, spontaneous social order but in the meantime by the individual to follow the general rules for personal adjustment and emerged as a result of the state; reason why people use these traditions and institutions, but because they may be funding them is a tool used: they are the product of cumulative development, but never mind the design is the product of any individual. Thus, not only for why they should use some form of tool forms do not use the tools he is ignorant, and the extent to which depend on it for their own actions rather than in a kind of action means that he is ignorant, or even people for the success of its efforts to determine the extent to which he followed with he also did not realize the kind of habit, usually ignorant; Moreover, every change in conditions, are bound to the use of resources, in the direction of the activities and types of people and in terms of habits and customs result in a change to influence people's actions. Thus, Hayek stressed that This has the complexity and the complexity of what it achieved far more than the organization can build any complexity can be achieved gyroscope within human society, which constantly produce a spontaneous order; and spontaneous social order, followed by the rule system is a product of evolution rather than design, but this kind of competition and the evolution process of trial and error. also Because of this, Hayek stressed that independent knowledge of the wealth of knowledge. order principles can be regarded as the first principle of economics means both a commitment to a unified goal and the careful arrangement of resources in the organization, but also that of many interconnected structure consisting of such economy, while Hayek put as a spontaneous order based on mutual the basis of mutual benefit or the formation of ordered structure; this end, he advocated the exchange of learning (catalactics) word to replace the traditional economics (economics) the term specifically refers to the market order, and the spontaneous order as the exchange market system (catallaxy). Accordingly, Hayek stressed that the key to this exchange system, as a spontaneous order, which orderliness does not depend on its orientation with a single target sequence; Therefore, it is not guarantee for it is as a whole, all it is considered important, it will better than the secondary, which is the basis of market pluralism.
Fourth, the legal system as a market order, market mechanisms in addition to basic security
In addition, the Western legal system is self-esteem is another important mechanism for expansion of order: If the market mechanism is the basis of spontaneous order to run, the legal system is the guarantee of its effective operation; Therefore, in terms of Hayek, liberalism means constitutionalism, the rule of law and not of men, and is the basis of the rule of law and shall not discriminate against any general rule people. In fact, in the economic sphere, the so-called freedom of Hayek is fully engaged in the freedom of economic competition is line It seems that only under the conditions of private ownership, freedom of any people have careers, and through their own talents and efforts to get rich; Therefore, private ownership of society he called known as the both have a clearly defined enforcement rely on respect for private ownership, and includes contracts to be implemented to ensure the appropriate legal procedures and systems, the market will not produce a sense of the value of l maximizing efficiency r of the natural order are in conflict. However, the law also restrict individual freedom to dispose of. the law of the individual to lift the fear of willful violations or oppression, and this is indeed the whole society can be free and the only meaning the only way Indeed, despite the free market is the foundation of human social cooperation, but in real life, as the market is the interaction between human behavior, the behavior of a person's pursuit of profit inevitably affect the interests of others; results, often because of its individual atoms damage can not, and interaction, people are often caught in the state prisoner's dilemma. Moreover, the market irregularities may occur will lead to knowledge of the complementary use of blocked and thus unable to use the minimum level of knowledge; Clearly, the failure to get rid of the coordination of this prisoner's dilemma caused by the trap, a major way to both sides of the game imposed certain constraints, and the division of labor and knowledge coordination. It is for the opportunity to market behavior in which it is bound to promote social cooperation consideration, Hayek turned to the legal system, legal infrastructure and its philosophy has become the main subject of his later studies, such as the security and freedom of each human life and activities in which the integral behavior of boundaries, improving the people's expectations of future cooperation, thus helping to clarify the unnecessary obstacles in the social order, and social order laid the foundation for continued expansion. For this reason, Hayek, individual freedom should be universal and abstract legal basis, that can only be free under the law; also as he said, , than some of the liberals simply starting from a stubborn attitude of empiricism, and especially laissez-faire principle of staggering both by the interaction through the market mechanism to achieve their goals; However, in the case of imperfect market mechanism, the power of the other constraints are often looked very weak, or fall into Hobbes's The damage is often powerless, and thus gave rise to a third party constraints and the need for coordination. Moreover, even taking into account the constraints and coordination from a third party, there is also the first organization such as government and other constraints; In fact, this is to promote the early Enlightenment social contract that strongly advocated by scholars such as Hobbes advocated the rights of individuals to be transferred to the Leviathan for security. The question is, if the Government is too strong, then it will sooner or later abuse of power, repression They protected the freedom of the original, resulting in the interruption process of spontaneous order extended; for example, in ancient China is due to strong government control, making the advanced civilization and technological progress have been repeatedly stifled by the power of the State. obviously, but also as Hayek noted, Evolution and voluntary cooperation possible order opportunism and the Government's authoritarian tendencies, but also to promote cooperation in human society, the main mechanism. On the one hand, even in the more developed societies the market mechanism, the effectiveness of the other constraints are also often bound to protect the rule of law; because the law Although the and desire, certainly not one to use government power to disrupt his action. so as to clarify the social order unnecessary obstacles, laid the basis for continued expansion of social order; Hayek wrote: action does not occur between the unnecessary interference with each other, and in some aspects of this, that success depends on the individual action of some other person to make matching action, at least have a good chance to make their action to achieve such coordination or agreement. ; Because of this, people also tend to the legal system as operation of protection; as Buchanan stressed, will not produce a sense of the value of l maximizing efficiency r of the natural order behavior and the pursuit of individual utility maximization, such as murder, wounding, robbery, theft, deception or lying, from the perspective of developing effective regulation to prevent the victims of such acts is welcome; Second, although some normative acts will bring the burden of But the benefit of others, such as consulting, sponsorship, donation, save, share, comfort or warning, etc., from the perspective of the potential beneficiaries of the development of such benefit of the perpetrator, if not off the grass, do not throw garbage, not tax evasion, reduce sewage discharge and the prohibition of slashing the forest so on. Therefore, M. Bowman that certainly very much hope that other people do not always able to do whatever they want, they make the usual or regular or implementation would jeopardize the interests of promoting the conduct of his decision will be constrained by the norms differences between the case, Hayek emphasized the members of society dominated (Organization) is different from the spontaneous order by relying on the rules (legal) rules: rules of the organization to specific individuals through the command assigned to specific tasks, objectives or functions of the premise; because most organizations bear a particular rule applies only to the responsibility of the person, everyone is trying to establish themselves in this position within the order, and to establish a protected territory, so this rule can not be universally applicable or no goal, nor to the spontaneous formation of an abstract order. In these two types of binding mechanisms, Hayek emphasized the importance of general rules, in his view, not only the natural order to rely on certain rules to provide for each person to pursue their own purposes what measures can be taken to prevent possible outbreak of the different conflicts between individuals; Moreover, even if the human order based on the specific purpose that must also be dependent on the rules, not just rely on some specific order, because relying on a certain abstract rules allow them to use the information that you can not have. It is also in the general rules, based on the distinction between Hayek and the rule of law and legal system, emphasizing the rule of law is to the general rule-based; He wrote: ;.
Hayek, the rule of law reflects the general rules can contribute to the continued expansion of the social order, , and the order which has ...
