B began to brush the people must have been brushed C, but my personal view of some misunderstanding, to point B, I brush the experience led them to that new money first entered the game as a reference. Do not bash master I have eggs.
first: Scroll back to the city. I just started C led brush was always full flight with the body roll, inserted in natural mentors, after killing a direct flight, and who bought N multi-drug, Right-click directly over kill. (Do not say I follow suit ah, are lying before the play was the aftermath.) Scroll of Town Portal now know is sent directly back to the city where the wizard, return to the city you just need to consume 10% of the blue, with a After the scroll bar will not disappear. and then there are therapists near the delivery point, do not you take so many drugs, delivery point to where the talent will go to 6 seconds of time. So, back to the city have to take. But this thing has probability I good character, most failed 3 times. listen to some guy said that he failed seven times with a group of blue ......( who it wants to prevent the point)
Second: find strange speed. looking for strange to a lot of speed involved, but also brush talent most needed. The first thing you need to be familiar line, the second would not have said the tree, ran it, a cave reel 9000 and can not believe no one will carry superimposed directly fly. divine punishment for look at the coordinates, if X, Y values greater than the flames, then fly directly to the wilderness, fly in the wrong place to fly a few times more than the money Well, that is used to burn. sunset plains can now go from the Wizard Teleport flameless City, and then never sent to the souls of flame Valley City, is run down after the sun came out of the plains. flames fly directly to the wilderness, the old rules, landing site is too far to fly more than a few times, I have character Well, often flew Huayao rear end, it may take the peach blossom is the latest bar. (scroll all the flight team flameless City where they sold groceries, it is recommended where cattle cross captain plug 7)
III: small details . back after sending in your head you can be plugged in standard (insert standard view I like the first person to sell almost?) find medical treatment. so the players would encounter such fast chips, your treatment is over an alt + t on the whole see, then the top of the list in the application for that player, has been added to points in the shortest possible time to add them all .. after all, come in two-and tears are the money of the ah. Second, the captain should always pay attention to the brush the first of several, and if you go to the tree the first 2 or wearing them that God punished the place you firmly for the!
Four: Captain of the organization. captain of the authority should be established at the outset, This will help team unity. Jiaoren in the world when the words to the right, because your tears, so not a lot of B captain, certainly to a large one called. propaganda tone can be a little heavier that the initial authority to established to her. Secondly, we should pay attention to team fixed, or there is anything to go shopping early and the team of people to say hello, the same should also say that to a team of people. It was called the defense should be promptly falling down! and general captain pull. Some people die waiting for him in treatment. did not add friends to call in the world. Some of the principles should be dropped on the first treatment for 1 minute. Finally, nothing helps active flirting joking atmosphere, strengthen unity , to mention fine shock of God.
as captain. the benefits of gifted addition, there are the benefits of making friends. The only good is that I led my girlfriend always wants me to give her time to pour hot ah surface ah ah, what a kiss. Well, everyone has a cupboard ah! when the captain must be willing to spend money! I basically run a 100.150W 1 hour enough to brush on about for some time. tears and group fly reel is necessary. We have sold servers 20W tears, usually are sold JS 8W. the game we are all united, for providing the human price of purple tears sister.
you fill in the registration promoter y0620, the official will send 3000 ingot you, let you fly ...
fast leveling
Monday, February 28, 2011
Sunday, February 27, 2011
Association haze cleared, the sun after seven in the clouds feel good thoughts
Slowly according to the old days of live tracks. I still am late, turn out was not in place everywhere, because so many can not afford to walk on two legs of the road. So the path has changed the rules up. generally Bookstore, Maoye peace shop, to the east gate. East Gate of the 5 yuan / piece, 10 yuan / piece of clothing has become my favorite. but then also look at less buy. basically only 2 sets of clothes hear Xiaoxia and A Red always said no clothes, but to see them full wardrobe of clothes, I always could not understand why. But now it seems I have the same feeling in a few days we moved into the dorm, male fellow citizens to a house they rented another. so this shall be our female compatriots feel much more convenient.
Mid-Autumn Festival that year, and the National Day is on the same day. and that for the first time to see moon cake packaging So beautiful. discovered that gift well. Oh, to spend money to buy a few boxes, send me home and Zhang Shu. do not remember how much to buy, anyway, at least every 2 boxes. afraid to send money to my mother she did not buy moon cake eat. was really at home nearly 20 years, had almost no good holiday, remember to see the moon cake is a wrap, a box with a pretty good, how attractive packaging ah! and remember to buy all the basic is the stopping use. So I sent a moon cake back. then do not know what to send when the taste of paying the money anyway, spend a lot.
time of 5 yuan / 10 per piece of clothing, then do not wear a lot of , (in fact, a few did not, but that with a lot of,) is not worth throwing, go out into Jiali Ji, although my parents always said, the postage more than clothes and money, but still feel that returning to a good point. Later, once in deep South, if not mistaken should go to bookstores, the road met a man, his eyes red, he stopped asking me where the post office, just I have been to the post office, a natural place to tell him. Then he that he is the workers on the site, dug up a lot of time digging round the square hole. like money. I said it should be ancient coins. He said, want to return home, do not know the post office not to send, I said that do not know, and normally should be considered cultural, it may not let (I saw on TV) and then he took me. that does not know how to do ...... I suddenly remembered in Beijing The man, a similar argument, I think things are not right, then we would get out, but he also asked, I did not know. And then walk out. Come running, though I think not, but I do not understand what he was in the end to how lied to me. Now that I think maybe I want to sort out the money to buy it. Anyway, I have no idea as to how a lie.
may come not in how long, should also be in bookstores around the far place, saw a combined yet, he saw me say that you very edge of the Buddha. The words are too many people told me about, I read the first two days in the prior year has been to the school will be cold when , but also basic is that day, then, is half the semester is a runny nose. actually good cold, and medicine is not concerned. until the first two days of the next semester of classes a week on the home, then I have Studies in the field Erlongshan home. So aunt home, she said, too good to please a Goddess of Mercy in order to come back. So they asked people to read the same statement, supposedly to do for my mother, and was really good. So from that I started when Buddhist devotees. there is one thing have to say, the small to big. I basically eat meat, hours just to eat. to 13 years old Spring Festival. altogether a not move, and that year the Spring Festival. package is meat dumplings. I do not want to eat. If not for the faith necessary to eat meat dumplings. so very angry father asked me to eat I do not eat, he scolded me, and says he ate dumplings side of it. but still did not have sinks. I can not stand in the mouth. So the day saw the co is still speaking these words, I felt the point had said. So stopped, and then he took a view of audio and video is sent to me, I am happy to accept it. Then he said what they want to build a temple to donate points, random you donate, I know I cheated. but out of the Buddha's sincere I gave him 10 dollars. and then he looked back wallet purse under 20 blocks. Oh, who tell the truth when there should be some money, but the purse money. I do not want to give him so much, because I think he is a liar. then your glad that they did not put all of his money purse. There are the problems of today, not all the money in your wallet.
fact, has houses for food and wine, that's where my first bowl of rice, I am a bit sorry for her, because I have her as one of my pedal, to jump out early. But I know too need to jump out of the capital, I have just graduated from high school and how much, what can you do to go out, so the time to often go there one day away from the bookstore where I live The second hit the road close to many local real estate advertising, I looked at, and then went to a man asked me if I want to go to commercials, I began not to speak, afraid of a problem. and then he said he was advertising company, I was there to see it, ask to see for a long time, I said I sure can not. He said yes, and so on, and finally want to join me, and I think something goes wrong, then say I'm going to bookstores, in fact I come out. Then he has to stay in contact, I said I have nothing, in fact, there CALL bag machine. then ran out toward the bookstore.
from this I know, not likely to fall in your lap. So have to go to learn the real thing, and kept the money to pay the registration fee. went to the mountain of wood learning the computer application. that is WORD. and WINDOWS substituting. because when points do not understand. so that their learning is the computer. Ha ha. This in addition to bookstores, peaceful shop, the East Gate where I have one more turn, mountain wood. all right there, I went to them, and those teachers chat. and then mixed with the familiar.
Then came a dorm girls. like before it went to class in it. She said she will be online, I envied her, and then in the afternoon, which happened the day I was at home, she wants to take us to the Internet, to teach us how to use. We went . We watched her play, I see that'm bored, I do not understand how so many people fell in love with here. Later, we went with the first, and then let the network give a QQ. that time is difficult QQ application. playing did not mean much, ah, but the overall feel was a new thing, so many people, you will not be very out of date. just as often at night to go up and down A group of networks, it is like to play on the Arab Group, said once know a web speak Japanese, when I had wood in the mountains began to report completion of the Japanese computer classes have not commenced. so it would like to know one, they begin to look, with 2 people sharing what they feel online fun .
then have capacity here, we have three people every day, ran out of the Internet, think about was very interesting, then, although content with the group and are often chat, but still feeling a bit lonely in addition, Qin and Zou had never contacted. so even people who did not speak. So, when the Society of the computer and then do nothing more than a place in time to go online is to sit there and watch other people chatting chat room, I feel very happy . At that time also met many friends, and indeed should permit Jianguang Si argument. I really just want to be friends. I need a friend. But people may not think so anyway, I have seen many, many are fellow But do not be friends.
have to note the final, the following basic things ranked in no particular order, is the memory of the past, sporadic, piece together the past. the one I have traveled the road. For the time is fuzzy. but it is true.
Mid-Autumn Festival that year, and the National Day is on the same day. and that for the first time to see moon cake packaging So beautiful. discovered that gift well. Oh, to spend money to buy a few boxes, send me home and Zhang Shu. do not remember how much to buy, anyway, at least every 2 boxes. afraid to send money to my mother she did not buy moon cake eat. was really at home nearly 20 years, had almost no good holiday, remember to see the moon cake is a wrap, a box with a pretty good, how attractive packaging ah! and remember to buy all the basic is the stopping use. So I sent a moon cake back. then do not know what to send when the taste of paying the money anyway, spend a lot.
time of 5 yuan / 10 per piece of clothing, then do not wear a lot of , (in fact, a few did not, but that with a lot of,) is not worth throwing, go out into Jiali Ji, although my parents always said, the postage more than clothes and money, but still feel that returning to a good point. Later, once in deep South, if not mistaken should go to bookstores, the road met a man, his eyes red, he stopped asking me where the post office, just I have been to the post office, a natural place to tell him. Then he that he is the workers on the site, dug up a lot of time digging round the square hole. like money. I said it should be ancient coins. He said, want to return home, do not know the post office not to send, I said that do not know, and normally should be considered cultural, it may not let (I saw on TV) and then he took me. that does not know how to do ...... I suddenly remembered in Beijing The man, a similar argument, I think things are not right, then we would get out, but he also asked, I did not know. And then walk out. Come running, though I think not, but I do not understand what he was in the end to how lied to me. Now that I think maybe I want to sort out the money to buy it. Anyway, I have no idea as to how a lie.
may come not in how long, should also be in bookstores around the far place, saw a combined yet, he saw me say that you very edge of the Buddha. The words are too many people told me about, I read the first two days in the prior year has been to the school will be cold when , but also basic is that day, then, is half the semester is a runny nose. actually good cold, and medicine is not concerned. until the first two days of the next semester of classes a week on the home, then I have Studies in the field Erlongshan home. So aunt home, she said, too good to please a Goddess of Mercy in order to come back. So they asked people to read the same statement, supposedly to do for my mother, and was really good. So from that I started when Buddhist devotees. there is one thing have to say, the small to big. I basically eat meat, hours just to eat. to 13 years old Spring Festival. altogether a not move, and that year the Spring Festival. package is meat dumplings. I do not want to eat. If not for the faith necessary to eat meat dumplings. so very angry father asked me to eat I do not eat, he scolded me, and says he ate dumplings side of it. but still did not have sinks. I can not stand in the mouth. So the day saw the co is still speaking these words, I felt the point had said. So stopped, and then he took a view of audio and video is sent to me, I am happy to accept it. Then he said what they want to build a temple to donate points, random you donate, I know I cheated. but out of the Buddha's sincere I gave him 10 dollars. and then he looked back wallet purse under 20 blocks. Oh, who tell the truth when there should be some money, but the purse money. I do not want to give him so much, because I think he is a liar. then your glad that they did not put all of his money purse. There are the problems of today, not all the money in your wallet.
fact, has houses for food and wine, that's where my first bowl of rice, I am a bit sorry for her, because I have her as one of my pedal, to jump out early. But I know too need to jump out of the capital, I have just graduated from high school and how much, what can you do to go out, so the time to often go there one day away from the bookstore where I live The second hit the road close to many local real estate advertising, I looked at, and then went to a man asked me if I want to go to commercials, I began not to speak, afraid of a problem. and then he said he was advertising company, I was there to see it, ask to see for a long time, I said I sure can not. He said yes, and so on, and finally want to join me, and I think something goes wrong, then say I'm going to bookstores, in fact I come out. Then he has to stay in contact, I said I have nothing, in fact, there CALL bag machine. then ran out toward the bookstore.
from this I know, not likely to fall in your lap. So have to go to learn the real thing, and kept the money to pay the registration fee. went to the mountain of wood learning the computer application. that is WORD. and WINDOWS substituting. because when points do not understand. so that their learning is the computer. Ha ha. This in addition to bookstores, peaceful shop, the East Gate where I have one more turn, mountain wood. all right there, I went to them, and those teachers chat. and then mixed with the familiar.
Then came a dorm girls. like before it went to class in it. She said she will be online, I envied her, and then in the afternoon, which happened the day I was at home, she wants to take us to the Internet, to teach us how to use. We went . We watched her play, I see that'm bored, I do not understand how so many people fell in love with here. Later, we went with the first, and then let the network give a QQ. that time is difficult QQ application. playing did not mean much, ah, but the overall feel was a new thing, so many people, you will not be very out of date. just as often at night to go up and down A group of networks, it is like to play on the Arab Group, said once know a web speak Japanese, when I had wood in the mountains began to report completion of the Japanese computer classes have not commenced. so it would like to know one, they begin to look, with 2 people sharing what they feel online fun .
then have capacity here, we have three people every day, ran out of the Internet, think about was very interesting, then, although content with the group and are often chat, but still feeling a bit lonely in addition, Qin and Zou had never contacted. so even people who did not speak. So, when the Society of the computer and then do nothing more than a place in time to go online is to sit there and watch other people chatting chat room, I feel very happy . At that time also met many friends, and indeed should permit Jianguang Si argument. I really just want to be friends. I need a friend. But people may not think so anyway, I have seen many, many are fellow But do not be friends.
have to note the final, the following basic things ranked in no particular order, is the memory of the past, sporadic, piece together the past. the one I have traveled the road. For the time is fuzzy. but it is true.
Thursday, February 24, 2011
The most happiness to man the four women leading the world
Freshness loss. Thus, fatigue or feeling tired to make marriage into a How is it being there?
in my opinion, a good wife to marry a man is the greatest blessing in life.
very vague reference to the hearts of every man, how to define the
one, recalling the original really did not know the thing to marry a wife.
has been, since that is not too stupid, but I could not understand why a bride then. frank fall in love a lot of women really like children have so-called love and be loved, it seems like all of us worked hard with the excitement before, too depressed, to cry over. Unfortunately, the same can not seem destined to have a perfect ending love. Obviously, marriage and love is different is times they engaged in the process of confusing the object with a daughter to marry, but marriage is not clear as Well? for parents to complete the task? or drift, How ever.
good life should be said to be grinding out a good couple. which is not born a woman would be Dun Dun meters with meters, they really would not have to eat with it? How can men do not enjoy being miserable! suggested some women complain about men In the . a good day is not is critical.
four, every man selfish.
eating a bowl of pot think it is common problem for men, women relative to married this post is somewhat self-restraint. Turning off the rails, no matter what factors are responsible for marriage. every man is selfish, think of ways out about having a quiet and would not allow soup at home, his wife, in fact, quite a lot of women self-discipline.
short, to marry man a good wife is a blessing for a lifetime.
the best age difference between husband and wife how much? make men unable to extricate themselves the 7 foot woman every 2 minutes in January rub thin 10 pounds 3 months you lose weight Act less 1 week 12 pounds sharpen thin 1 kg weight loss trick to lose weight 20 pounds of five-ten best method for weight-loss method you very breast, 7 days rose up again is very simple speed breast Breast never forget the woman most men? man loved a woman what these customs pose the most attractive female talent? man what a woman likes to eat? such a small woman's most can move a man? man in the eyes of the most beautiful women why men like the beautiful women make men unhappy woman and a man of ordinary life, most women can not forget the biggest difference between what a woman? ten categories of women make men crazy addicted to the most woman get her husband to a man dead set on ten eyes of the most fascinating part of women ten best women's most addictive enough to make men The five men moved to a situation, then teach you to attract the opposite sex look close to the classic temptation of the five tricks to make a woman a man loves you more awesomeness, then you seven men would not listen to his wife love to mention the ten topics Australian News: China's new far behind the U.S. military has allowed the Russian ICBM panic and what kind of man women want to go to bed? Important: Christmas message alert false winning big run, everyone has! Australian News: China's new ICBM has allowed Russia and the U.S. fear a woman eager to catch up What kind of sex with men?
in my opinion, a good wife to marry a man is the greatest blessing in life.
very vague reference to the hearts of every man, how to define the
one, recalling the original really did not know the thing to marry a wife.
has been, since that is not too stupid, but I could not understand why a bride then. frank fall in love a lot of women really like children have so-called love and be loved, it seems like all of us worked hard with the excitement before, too depressed, to cry over. Unfortunately, the same can not seem destined to have a perfect ending love. Obviously, marriage and love is different is times they engaged in the process of confusing the object with a daughter to marry, but marriage is not clear as Well? for parents to complete the task? or drift, How ever.
good life should be said to be grinding out a good couple. which is not born a woman would be Dun Dun meters with meters, they really would not have to eat with it? How can men do not enjoy being miserable! suggested some women complain about men In the . a good day is not is critical.
four, every man selfish.
eating a bowl of pot think it is common problem for men, women relative to married this post is somewhat self-restraint. Turning off the rails, no matter what factors are responsible for marriage. every man is selfish, think of ways out about having a quiet and would not allow soup at home, his wife, in fact, quite a lot of women self-discipline.
short, to marry man a good wife is a blessing for a lifetime.
the best age difference between husband and wife how much? make men unable to extricate themselves the 7 foot woman every 2 minutes in January rub thin 10 pounds 3 months you lose weight Act less 1 week 12 pounds sharpen thin 1 kg weight loss trick to lose weight 20 pounds of five-ten best method for weight-loss method you very breast, 7 days rose up again is very simple speed breast Breast never forget the woman most men? man loved a woman what these customs pose the most attractive female talent? man what a woman likes to eat? such a small woman's most can move a man? man in the eyes of the most beautiful women why men like the beautiful women make men unhappy woman and a man of ordinary life, most women can not forget the biggest difference between what a woman? ten categories of women make men crazy addicted to the most woman get her husband to a man dead set on ten eyes of the most fascinating part of women ten best women's most addictive enough to make men The five men moved to a situation, then teach you to attract the opposite sex look close to the classic temptation of the five tricks to make a woman a man loves you more awesomeness, then you seven men would not listen to his wife love to mention the ten topics Australian News: China's new far behind the U.S. military has allowed the Russian ICBM panic and what kind of man women want to go to bed? Important: Christmas message alert false winning big run, everyone has! Australian News: China's new ICBM has allowed Russia and the U.S. fear a woman eager to catch up What kind of sex with men?
Wednesday, February 23, 2011
Kind of moment I finally understand love and miss
Click here for more pictures
a lovelorn girl, her very deeply hurt, I feel the whole world abandoned her, and even thought of death. She vowed never to fall in love in this life. She took the news told a boy, so the boy began to comfort her, encourage her, funny text messages every day prepared to make her happy. In this way, the girl gradually recovering from the pain, but also to become, and as lively past.
suddenly One day, the girl did not receive messages sent to him, felt a sense of loss and anxiety. she asked herself: not to think of him, but the boy's shadow looming in my mind is always floating around. she felt that strange thoughts, and love the feeling of the original not the same. When she was in love, the kind of thoughts like fire Like blazing, burning constantly, eating all their own, account for all their soul, in addition to thinking things can no longer do anything; and now, she can not tell, she never was there such a miss is faint, but nothing a little everywhere, but always need to pay anything to feel a warmth, like the corner of the room put a bouquet of lilies and a touch of fragrance filled the entire room, but not you deliberately think, make you feel uncomfortable.
girl determined to figure it out. One day, the boy called her to ask whether she had recently had fun. chatting chatting, she suddenly asked the boy why no women friend introduced him to do one. She asked when the heart beats very fast, but put on a joking tone. When the boy said, Well, do not know that to the courage, she suddenly said: think about me. ; she was not willing to ask: like, say: love and miss: This yearning is peaceful, is warm, it is not mixed with any thoughts, without any exclusive taste, without any idea of possession. girl suddenly remembered the boy once said, this world is only three colors: red , blue and green. Red is the impulse, passion, is to destroy all their forces; blue is depression, is profound, is the sink all their forces; green is peaceful, is a comfort, is to soothe all the power; after red love blue romance, then missing the green is your best Chicken Soup.
love the time is? weeks, months, or years? But no matter how long overdue love always . And this miss it, will never expire. beyond the feelings of love and friendship, is this yearning. Find a spiritual haven, you can safely go to parking; find a spiritual guardian angel, will never disoriented; When you find one, you're the happiest person in the world hh
supermarket shelves, storage shelves, shelf factory, Beijing shelves, shelves Guangzhou, Nanjing shelf, shelf company, Shenzhen shelves, shelf prices, and clothing racks. < br> supermarket shelf price, the supermarket shelves pictures, supermarket shelf factory, supermarket shelf factory in Changshu, Shenzhen supermarket shelves, supermarket shelves in Changshu, used supermarket shelves, selling second-hand Beijing supermarket shelves, supermarket shelves, Fuzhou, Nanjing supermarket shelves.
warehouse in Suzhou shelves, storage shelves Factory Beijing, Guangzhou, storage shelves, Beijing, storage shelves, storage shelves Factory, Kunshan storage shelves, storage shelves, Dongguan, Suzhou, East Ming warehouse storage shelves, Nanjing, storage shelves, storage shelves standard.
shelf Factory Beijing, Guangzhou Plant shelves, shelf factory in Foshan, Shenzhen shelf factory, supermarket shelf factory, supermarket shelf factory in Changshu, Changshu plant shelves, storage shelves Factory Beijing, Guangdong shelf factory, garment factory shelves.
Beijing shelf factory, Beijing shelf companies, shelf Beijing manufacturers, plant shelves Beijing, Beijing, wholesale shelves, shelves selling Beijing, Beijing, making shelves, the Beijing shelf manufacturing company, the Beijing factory shelves, the Beijing production company shelves.
shelf factory in Guangzhou, Guangzhou wholesale market shelves, shelves in Guangzhou market shelf company in Guangzhou, Guangzhou wholesale shelves, shelves for sale in Guangzhou, the Guangzhou plant shelves, shelves in Guangzhou City, Guangzhou Shelf Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, making the shelf.
shelf company in Nanjing, Nanjing Racking Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Nanjing shelf price, Nanjing shelf network , Nanjing plant shelves, shelf manufacturing company in Nanjing, the Nanjing plant shelves, shelf companies hiring in Nanjing, Nanjing shelves manufacturers, Nanjing shelves for sale.
Beijing shelf company, shelf company, Nanjing, Shenzhen, shelf company, shelf company, Ningbo, Xiamen shelves company, shelf company, Suzhou, Hangzhou shelf company, shelf company in Wuxi, Guangzhou shelf company, shelf company in Tianjin.
shelf factory in Shenzhen, Shenzhen shelf company, Shenzhen wholesale shelves, shelf production plant in Shenzhen, Shenzhen shelf sales, Shenzhen shelf transfer shelf factory in Shenzhen, Shenzhen shelf production, shelf manufacturer in Shenzhen, Shenzhen shelves in the medicine cabinet.
garment rack picture, clothing shelf design, garment rack factories, garment rack factory in Guangzhou, Guangzhou clothing rack, garment rack, Shenzhen, Foshan Clothing Rack Factory , clothing shelf design, Beijing Institute of Clothing shelves, clothing racks for sale in Shenzhen.
plastic pallets, wooden pallets, pallet size, paper tray, hide tray icon, xp patch input tray, buy plastic pallets, standard pallets, pallet English, plastic tray price.
buy plastic trays, plastic tray prices, Suzhou, plastic trays, plastic trays Beijing, second-hand plastic pallets, plastic pallets, Shandong, Ningbo plastic trays, plastic trays Henan, Tianjin, plastic pallets, plastic pallets, Qingdao.
Wood tray price, standard wooden pallets, plastic wood pallets, Buy wooden pallets, wooden pallets, Qingdao, Suzhou, wooden pallets, wooden pallets in Tianjin, Beijing, wooden pallets, wooden pallets plant fumigation of wood pallets.
paper tray specifications, Ningbo paper tray, Suzhou paper tray, paper tray molding process, buy paper tray, honeycomb paper pallets, paper pallets production process, customers buy paper tray, paper tray, Qingdao, Shandong paper tray.
Suzhou pallets, paper pallets, wooden pallets , plastic pallets, pallet specifications, Kunshan, wooden pallets, pallet standards, Suzhou, wooden pallets, plastic pallets, Suzhou, Kunshan pallets.
buy storage cage, Tianjin storage cage, storage cages offer, Suzhou storage cage , Nanjing, storage cage, folding storage cage, storage cage pictures, folding storage cage, Beijing, storage cage, storage cage manufacturers, Dalian.
buy storage cage, storage cage trolley, storage cage, Guangzhou, Ningbo, storage cage, storage cage in Huizhou , storage cage Cixi, Suzhou storage cage, storage cage, Foshan, Chongqing storage cage, storage cage vehicle.
metal racks, kitchen racks, multi-functional racks, shelving, Kunshan, washing racks, shelving, Beijing, glove picture frame, glass shelf, wire shelving, Shunde, wood racks.
steel bins have fixed steel bins, removable folding steel bins or three structures and steel bins plate steel bins, steel bins form, three forms of net-steel bins. steel bins with carrying capacity, durability and other advantages.
mute baby stroller, combi COMBO mute handcart, barrow boy mute, mute handcart logistics, mute handcart picture, supermarket trolleys mute, mute baby stroller brands, COMBO mute handcart, trolley mute children.
logistics vehicles, drilling logistics vehicles , lining logistics vehicles, steel logistics vehicles, logistics vehicles-type resistance furnace, hand car antenna logistics platform, logistics, car heaters, tunnel lining logistics vehicles, logistics vehicles heat treatment furnace, the template logistics vehicles.
Universal angle steel shelves, omnipotent angle iron rack prices, Beijing angle steel shelves, shelf angle, Guangzhou, Guiyang Universal angle steel shelf price, omnipotent angle iron rack in Dongguan, diy angle steel shelves, shelf Nanjing angle, angle light shelves.
Buy light shelves, light shelves price, light shelves, Suzhou, Beijing, light shelves, used light shelves, light shelves, Shandong, Ningbo, light shelves, light shelves Henan, Tianjin, light shelves, light shelves in Qingdao.
buy medium-sized shelf, medium shelf price, medium-sized shelves Suzhou, Beijing, medium-sized shelves, used medium shelf, medium shelf, Shandong, Ningbo medium shelf, medium shelf Henan, Tianjin and medium-sized shelves, Qingdao and medium-sized shelves.
buy heavy shelf, heavy shelf price, Suzhou, heavy-duty shelves, heavy duty shelves Beijing, used heavy-duty shelves, Shandong heavy shelf, heavy shelf Ningbo, Henan heavy shelf, heavy shelf Tianjin, Qingdao and heavy-duty shelves.
Shenzhen warehouse shelf, warehouse shelf pictures, Guangzhou, storage shelves, storage shelves, Wuxi, Wuhan, storage shelves, Dongguan warehouse shelves, storage shelf types, storage shelf signs, storage shelf design, storage shelf price.
trash pictures, trash design, intelligent trash, stainless steel trash can, plastic trash can, trash design pictures, sensor trash can, trash icon Advertising trash, sorting trash.
file cabinet prices, file cabinet pictures, steel file cabinets, metal filing cabinets, Beijing, file cabinets, file cabinets offer price of metal file cabinets, file cabinets, Chengdu, Beijing, metal filing cabinets, Lenovo file cabinet.
Tianjin, tool cabinets, tool cabinets, Suzhou, Guangdong, tools, cabinets, electrical safety tool cabinets, steel tool cabinets, tool cabinets prices, smart tool cabinets, metal tool cabinets, Wuxi tool cabinets, tool cabinets Beijing. < br> Clean Benches, anti-static table, Clean Benches prices, clean bench, NC table, rotary table, clean table, CNC rotary table, stainless steel table, wood table.
heavy-duty work tables, anti-static work tables, stainless steel work tables, work desk company in Suzhou, Suzhou, work tables, work tables aluminum Kunshan, Kunshan work tables, work tables, Shenzhen, Beijing, work tables, work benches and prices.
plastic parts box , electronic parts boxes, assembly parts box, drawer parts and boxes, Suzhou parts boxes, hanging part back box, Shenzhen, parts boxes, static boxes of parts, smd electronics parts box, Shenzhen, plastic parts box.
manual hydraulic pallet vehicles, hydraulic pallet trucks, electric pallet trucks, semi electric pallet trucks, manual hydraulic pallet trucks offer, hand pallet trucks, all-electric pallet trucks, electric pallet truck prices.
fence, pvc fence, led tube, high-grade isolated network, highway fence, fence fence, rail fence, storage isolation net, stainless steel rails, metal mesh, led guardrail light.
Ramps Ramps produced, fixed Ramps , DCQY series of mobile components are selected from each of Deng Axle outstanding domestic enterprises.
lifting platform companies can customize according to your needs lifting platforms of different sizes, different tonnage, single or multi-branch fork-lift platform , DCQ series of hydraulic lifting platform.
the biggest lift, lifts, one of professional manufacturer of hydraulic lifts, I produced the lift, lifts, lifting platforms, hydraulic lifts each component is selected from the outstanding domestic enterprises ; can be imported according to customer requirements ...
a lovelorn girl, her very deeply hurt, I feel the whole world abandoned her, and even thought of death. She vowed never to fall in love in this life. She took the news told a boy, so the boy began to comfort her, encourage her, funny text messages every day prepared to make her happy. In this way, the girl gradually recovering from the pain, but also to become, and as lively past.
suddenly One day, the girl did not receive messages sent to him, felt a sense of loss and anxiety. she asked herself: not to think of him, but the boy's shadow looming in my mind is always floating around. she felt that strange thoughts, and love the feeling of the original not the same. When she was in love, the kind of thoughts like fire Like blazing, burning constantly, eating all their own, account for all their soul, in addition to thinking things can no longer do anything; and now, she can not tell, she never was there such a miss is faint, but nothing a little everywhere, but always need to pay anything to feel a warmth, like the corner of the room put a bouquet of lilies and a touch of fragrance filled the entire room, but not you deliberately think, make you feel uncomfortable.
girl determined to figure it out. One day, the boy called her to ask whether she had recently had fun. chatting chatting, she suddenly asked the boy why no women friend introduced him to do one. She asked when the heart beats very fast, but put on a joking tone. When the boy said, Well, do not know that to the courage, she suddenly said: think about me. ; she was not willing to ask: like, say: love and miss: This yearning is peaceful, is warm, it is not mixed with any thoughts, without any exclusive taste, without any idea of possession. girl suddenly remembered the boy once said, this world is only three colors: red , blue and green. Red is the impulse, passion, is to destroy all their forces; blue is depression, is profound, is the sink all their forces; green is peaceful, is a comfort, is to soothe all the power; after red love blue romance, then missing the green is your best Chicken Soup.
love the time is? weeks, months, or years? But no matter how long overdue love always . And this miss it, will never expire. beyond the feelings of love and friendship, is this yearning. Find a spiritual haven, you can safely go to parking; find a spiritual guardian angel, will never disoriented; When you find one, you're the happiest person in the world hh
supermarket shelves, storage shelves, shelf factory, Beijing shelves, shelves Guangzhou, Nanjing shelf, shelf company, Shenzhen shelves, shelf prices, and clothing racks. < br> supermarket shelf price, the supermarket shelves pictures, supermarket shelf factory, supermarket shelf factory in Changshu, Shenzhen supermarket shelves, supermarket shelves in Changshu, used supermarket shelves, selling second-hand Beijing supermarket shelves, supermarket shelves, Fuzhou, Nanjing supermarket shelves.
warehouse in Suzhou shelves, storage shelves Factory Beijing, Guangzhou, storage shelves, Beijing, storage shelves, storage shelves Factory, Kunshan storage shelves, storage shelves, Dongguan, Suzhou, East Ming warehouse storage shelves, Nanjing, storage shelves, storage shelves standard.
shelf Factory Beijing, Guangzhou Plant shelves, shelf factory in Foshan, Shenzhen shelf factory, supermarket shelf factory, supermarket shelf factory in Changshu, Changshu plant shelves, storage shelves Factory Beijing, Guangdong shelf factory, garment factory shelves.
Beijing shelf factory, Beijing shelf companies, shelf Beijing manufacturers, plant shelves Beijing, Beijing, wholesale shelves, shelves selling Beijing, Beijing, making shelves, the Beijing shelf manufacturing company, the Beijing factory shelves, the Beijing production company shelves.
shelf factory in Guangzhou, Guangzhou wholesale market shelves, shelves in Guangzhou market shelf company in Guangzhou, Guangzhou wholesale shelves, shelves for sale in Guangzhou, the Guangzhou plant shelves, shelves in Guangzhou City, Guangzhou Shelf Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, making the shelf.
shelf company in Nanjing, Nanjing Racking Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Nanjing shelf price, Nanjing shelf network , Nanjing plant shelves, shelf manufacturing company in Nanjing, the Nanjing plant shelves, shelf companies hiring in Nanjing, Nanjing shelves manufacturers, Nanjing shelves for sale.
Beijing shelf company, shelf company, Nanjing, Shenzhen, shelf company, shelf company, Ningbo, Xiamen shelves company, shelf company, Suzhou, Hangzhou shelf company, shelf company in Wuxi, Guangzhou shelf company, shelf company in Tianjin.
shelf factory in Shenzhen, Shenzhen shelf company, Shenzhen wholesale shelves, shelf production plant in Shenzhen, Shenzhen shelf sales, Shenzhen shelf transfer shelf factory in Shenzhen, Shenzhen shelf production, shelf manufacturer in Shenzhen, Shenzhen shelves in the medicine cabinet.
garment rack picture, clothing shelf design, garment rack factories, garment rack factory in Guangzhou, Guangzhou clothing rack, garment rack, Shenzhen, Foshan Clothing Rack Factory , clothing shelf design, Beijing Institute of Clothing shelves, clothing racks for sale in Shenzhen.
plastic pallets, wooden pallets, pallet size, paper tray, hide tray icon, xp patch input tray, buy plastic pallets, standard pallets, pallet English, plastic tray price.
buy plastic trays, plastic tray prices, Suzhou, plastic trays, plastic trays Beijing, second-hand plastic pallets, plastic pallets, Shandong, Ningbo plastic trays, plastic trays Henan, Tianjin, plastic pallets, plastic pallets, Qingdao.
Wood tray price, standard wooden pallets, plastic wood pallets, Buy wooden pallets, wooden pallets, Qingdao, Suzhou, wooden pallets, wooden pallets in Tianjin, Beijing, wooden pallets, wooden pallets plant fumigation of wood pallets.
paper tray specifications, Ningbo paper tray, Suzhou paper tray, paper tray molding process, buy paper tray, honeycomb paper pallets, paper pallets production process, customers buy paper tray, paper tray, Qingdao, Shandong paper tray.
Suzhou pallets, paper pallets, wooden pallets , plastic pallets, pallet specifications, Kunshan, wooden pallets, pallet standards, Suzhou, wooden pallets, plastic pallets, Suzhou, Kunshan pallets.
buy storage cage, Tianjin storage cage, storage cages offer, Suzhou storage cage , Nanjing, storage cage, folding storage cage, storage cage pictures, folding storage cage, Beijing, storage cage, storage cage manufacturers, Dalian.
buy storage cage, storage cage trolley, storage cage, Guangzhou, Ningbo, storage cage, storage cage in Huizhou , storage cage Cixi, Suzhou storage cage, storage cage, Foshan, Chongqing storage cage, storage cage vehicle.
metal racks, kitchen racks, multi-functional racks, shelving, Kunshan, washing racks, shelving, Beijing, glove picture frame, glass shelf, wire shelving, Shunde, wood racks.
steel bins have fixed steel bins, removable folding steel bins or three structures and steel bins plate steel bins, steel bins form, three forms of net-steel bins. steel bins with carrying capacity, durability and other advantages.
mute baby stroller, combi COMBO mute handcart, barrow boy mute, mute handcart logistics, mute handcart picture, supermarket trolleys mute, mute baby stroller brands, COMBO mute handcart, trolley mute children.
logistics vehicles, drilling logistics vehicles , lining logistics vehicles, steel logistics vehicles, logistics vehicles-type resistance furnace, hand car antenna logistics platform, logistics, car heaters, tunnel lining logistics vehicles, logistics vehicles heat treatment furnace, the template logistics vehicles.
Universal angle steel shelves, omnipotent angle iron rack prices, Beijing angle steel shelves, shelf angle, Guangzhou, Guiyang Universal angle steel shelf price, omnipotent angle iron rack in Dongguan, diy angle steel shelves, shelf Nanjing angle, angle light shelves.
Buy light shelves, light shelves price, light shelves, Suzhou, Beijing, light shelves, used light shelves, light shelves, Shandong, Ningbo, light shelves, light shelves Henan, Tianjin, light shelves, light shelves in Qingdao.
buy medium-sized shelf, medium shelf price, medium-sized shelves Suzhou, Beijing, medium-sized shelves, used medium shelf, medium shelf, Shandong, Ningbo medium shelf, medium shelf Henan, Tianjin and medium-sized shelves, Qingdao and medium-sized shelves.
buy heavy shelf, heavy shelf price, Suzhou, heavy-duty shelves, heavy duty shelves Beijing, used heavy-duty shelves, Shandong heavy shelf, heavy shelf Ningbo, Henan heavy shelf, heavy shelf Tianjin, Qingdao and heavy-duty shelves.
Shenzhen warehouse shelf, warehouse shelf pictures, Guangzhou, storage shelves, storage shelves, Wuxi, Wuhan, storage shelves, Dongguan warehouse shelves, storage shelf types, storage shelf signs, storage shelf design, storage shelf price.
trash pictures, trash design, intelligent trash, stainless steel trash can, plastic trash can, trash design pictures, sensor trash can, trash icon Advertising trash, sorting trash.
file cabinet prices, file cabinet pictures, steel file cabinets, metal filing cabinets, Beijing, file cabinets, file cabinets offer price of metal file cabinets, file cabinets, Chengdu, Beijing, metal filing cabinets, Lenovo file cabinet.
Tianjin, tool cabinets, tool cabinets, Suzhou, Guangdong, tools, cabinets, electrical safety tool cabinets, steel tool cabinets, tool cabinets prices, smart tool cabinets, metal tool cabinets, Wuxi tool cabinets, tool cabinets Beijing. < br> Clean Benches, anti-static table, Clean Benches prices, clean bench, NC table, rotary table, clean table, CNC rotary table, stainless steel table, wood table.
heavy-duty work tables, anti-static work tables, stainless steel work tables, work desk company in Suzhou, Suzhou, work tables, work tables aluminum Kunshan, Kunshan work tables, work tables, Shenzhen, Beijing, work tables, work benches and prices.
plastic parts box , electronic parts boxes, assembly parts box, drawer parts and boxes, Suzhou parts boxes, hanging part back box, Shenzhen, parts boxes, static boxes of parts, smd electronics parts box, Shenzhen, plastic parts box.
manual hydraulic pallet vehicles, hydraulic pallet trucks, electric pallet trucks, semi electric pallet trucks, manual hydraulic pallet trucks offer, hand pallet trucks, all-electric pallet trucks, electric pallet truck prices.
fence, pvc fence, led tube, high-grade isolated network, highway fence, fence fence, rail fence, storage isolation net, stainless steel rails, metal mesh, led guardrail light.
Ramps Ramps produced, fixed Ramps , DCQY series of mobile components are selected from each of Deng Axle outstanding domestic enterprises.
lifting platform companies can customize according to your needs lifting platforms of different sizes, different tonnage, single or multi-branch fork-lift platform , DCQ series of hydraulic lifting platform.
the biggest lift, lifts, one of professional manufacturer of hydraulic lifts, I produced the lift, lifts, lifting platforms, hydraulic lifts each component is selected from the outstanding domestic enterprises ; can be imported according to customer requirements ...
Tuesday, February 22, 2011
New Development of International Trade Theory
International Economics, international trade theory is an important part of the open under the conditions of micro-economics, international trade theory in the main goods and services exchanged between countries to study the reasons for international commodity exchange, results, and related policy . scope of the study of international trade theory also includes the international flow of factors of production and international transfer of technical knowledge. the one hand, factors of production and technical knowledge as a particular commodity has its own international market, on the other hand, as factor inputs for goods and services play an important role in the production. International trade theory also studied the economic growth, technological change and trade interaction, from the dynamic analysis of international trade on the causes and consequences of change.
see from the history of economics, international trade theory can be traced back fifteenth century and early sixteenth century mercantilist doctrine. Smith and Ricardo's trade theory, labor is the only factor of production, production technology is a given exogenous variable, constant returns to scale production. Smith and Ricardo trade theory is part of the system of classical economic theory, known as the resource endowments Start with a new method to study the causes and consequences of trade, the study of new trade structure and trade policy, the creation of a series of new doctrine. After ten years of development, these theories have gradually matured. which has been incorporated as part of the textbook, Another part of the continuing discussion, is still the forefront of trade issues, and this paper will briefly describe these new developments in trade theory and explains its significance to China trade policy.
one, economies of scale, imperfect competition, industrial between developed countries and the same industry, trade
propose a new interpretation of the reasons for the trade is mainly developed from the late seventies the . Paul Krugman (Paul Krugman). this theory to the economies of scale in production and world markets based on imperfect competition explain the rapid industrial growth after the war between the country and the same industry, trade between.
economies of scale, trade theory [(1) a] development is based on two theories with different assumptions on the past: (1) production with economies of scale; (2) competition in the international market is incomplete.
specific stresses in the increase. In the participation in international trade before the enterprise is only for domestic demand. Since the limited domestic market demand, companies can not produce too much, so that the production costs and product prices have remained at a high level.
If the enterprises to participate in international trade, product market will be facing the expansion of domestic demand and foreign demand, companies can increase production. As the economies of scale in production stage, the production increase but reduced the average cost of the product, which in the international market increased the competitiveness.
the diversity of the industrial products, either State can not cover all the products of a sector, so that the international division of labor and trade is inevitable. But the specific focus on countries which produce a product which is there is no fixed pattern, both natural (competition) which can also be protocol division of labor. But the developed countries, industrial products between the comparative advantage.
Second, international trade, technology spillover, and economic growth
the late eighties early nineties, the international trade theory research is to focus on international trade and technological progress, the relationship between economic growth to be . in the economics literature, although there are many theoretical explanations of technology in trade and economic growth in the role, but a series of studies put the latest technology as an endogenous variable, not only to discuss the impact of technology on trade, but also of international trade, economic growth in the role of technological progress. to technological changes, imperfect competition, economies of scale and economic growth combined study is the latest development of international trade theory and cutting-edge topics.
the International Trade Theory The backdrop of new development in the post-war pattern of international trade change. in the use of economies of scale and imperfect competition theory that the current . Why are there economies of scale? industry economies of scale and how the formation of the international division of labor? If that technology development is an important difference and one of the reasons, then, how is the technology, development, delivery? technology development and international trade, economic growth relationship is? caused these issues of great interest to international economists. Scholars of international trade theory and growth theory combining the ideas put forward many new.
In recent years, study international economics, international trade, technical change and economic growth in many articles. its theoretical origin, it can be divided into two parts along the Ricardian model, still the technology as an exogenous variable , but from the dynamic point of view of technological change on trade patterns and the impact of national welfare, the other put the technology as an endogenous variable, not only how the impact of technology trade and growth, while the technology development as research, investment, trade and a result of economic growth, changes in research technology, international trade and economic growth in the relationship between each other.
1. technology as an exogenous variable in the trade and growth theory
(1) technical differences in the formation of trade patterns < br> In addition to (Makusen and Svenson, 1985) assumed in their study the proportion of resource allocation between the two countries are the same preferences and needs. production required more than two factor inputs, but do not have economies of scale. But if the two countries in the production Technically there are some subtle differences, labor productivity will be slightly different. in the two countries trade, countries will export their products relatively high factor productivity.
Davis (Davis) in his 1994 study Suppose two countries are also the two industries. The first of an industry produces a single product, and the second industry produces two products can not be completely replaced. Suppose one of them in the second production of the industry with foreign strategic there are technical differences in the production of a product which is technically slightly better than others. In conditions of free trade, factor prices equal to production and export of the country will make the product, while other countries will be the production of export another product.
Markusen, Svensson and Davis study shows that even in the constant returns to scale and perfectly competitive market, the technical differences between the products can also lead to the same industry (intramindustry) trade.
(2) technological change on trade patterns and welfare of
Krugman of the technological progress in 1986 on the welfare of developed and developing countries. In his model, he assumes there are two categories of countries: more technologically advanced countries (developed countries) and the technology is relatively backward countries (developing countries), the products are divided into two categories: technology-intensive products with non-technology-intensive products. These assumptions and Heck Break Seoul m Ohlin model somewhat similar, and its development is: If the technical change of (regardless of why the change), will benefit national trade patterns and what impact?
If such technological advances in developed countries, the result is no harm. First, the developed countries in terms of its technical higher, more advanced products, and as already leading in technology, newer technologies have not faced any competition, no threat to other countries , could not it also threatens other countries, so it is good and technological progress. Second, backward countries did not hurt, because the technology gap, and to the less advanced countries more space to develop and catch up. so technological progress occurs In the advanced countries is beneficial to both of these two groups of countries. For the only disadvantage is that advanced countries do have some technical advantages of the products, technology advances and production and export capacity, has the potential to lower prices of these products, trade conditions may become unfavorable.
if technical progress occurs in less advanced countries? Krugman that the result is narrowing the gap between the two countries, advanced countries of the original is a competition against them. backward countries because of their ability to produce such products and reduce imports, resulting in two results: First, the decline in the prices of these products, the advanced countries of the negative, and second, if such a product requires intensive use of already scarce backward country resources, then the backward countries is also unfavorable.
2. technology as endogenous variables of trade and growth theory
the other hand the development of trade theory is to technology as an endogenous variable to analyze, study the technical changes reasons, but also of technological progress as a result of production and trade patterns of trade and social welfare. technological change, there are two sources, one is passive, not out by the study of development, but from the case, Dry learned is learned through economic behavior, called created. This technical change is an innovation (innovation). technological innovation is the research and development in general (Research and Development, referred to as the R & D) results.
(1) ) and learning process sometimes is not the original purpose, but in other economic activities engaged in production or a natural byproduct of the time. As the owner of advanced technology, and sometimes it is not intended for sale or distribution of their technology, but in the trade or other economic activity the natural output of the technology, known as the technology The. technological spillovers, but also can be divided into international and domestic, inter-industry and industry in several different situations.
a) international spillover
international spillover refers to the technology through direct or indirect (eg through trade) transmitted to other countries, so that producers in other countries have gradually mastered these techniques.
To illustrate the technology in the international spillovers, we assume there are two countries: A countries and B countries, countries in the production of two products, X and Y. In both countries there is no trade, the country produced by the country's production technology and resource allocation decisions, A comparative advantage of state-owned production of X, B Y, the country will have comparative advantage in production. If the two trade occurred, according to can not be a monopoly, commodity trade through technology spillovers have a variety of different results. a situation, A would have been the country's comparative advantage in production of goods X, but B countries more advanced production technology X, there is an absolute advantage. A State B State introduced the production of goods X technology to improve the productivity of do have a comparative advantage. This result played a comparative advantage on its own resources, is conducive to long-term growth A country. In addition, commodity X is B countries have been relatively short term, the division of labor between the two countries after no longer in production and trade. A country can produce more X B countries, the import prices, but also conducive to B countries. this technology spillover to the original from absolute advantage do not have a comparative advantage of A Y. countries, this technology is a result of the introduction of import substitution-oriented growth, but B is a threat for the country and the competition. If A country Y requires intensive use of production its scarce resources, the country's long-term development of A is not necessarily beneficial. trade and technological spillovers are likely to develop into the br> b) domestic technology spillover
domestic technology spillover refers to the technology spread within the country. Because of geography, language, culture and other reasons, the domestic spillover faster than the learning of foreign technology.
eighties later, Krugman, and Lucas (Lucas), respectively, discussed the problem of domestic technology spillover. In Krugman (1987) model, he assumed the two countries A and B, produces a range of products. which Congress in any number of production technology in the initial lead. Despite the international spread of technology, but the domestic technology spillover will be faster. With the passage of time and a faster process of domestic technology spillovers, the The original will accelerate the development of leading industry possible, the original comparative advantage will increase, differences between countries to expand.
Lucas (1988) model and is somewhat similar to Krugman, but he assumed a number of countries, producing two products: X and Y. countries in the same labor and labor productivity, but technical knowledge of the two products different levels of the original master. Some countries produce X, and some countries produce Y, the formation of the first international division of labor. As technology spillover in the country, producing countries X and Y will produce a professional production in their respective continuous improvement in labor productivity, so that the countries the two products on the mastery of technical knowledge gap is growing. In general, countries in the international division of labor is hard to change, unless the product with the growth rate of labor productivity is not on the rate of price decline to change the original status of the international division of labor, a product from production to production of another product, can only be had in those countries on the edge (marginal country).
Crew Gehman and the Lucas analysis shows: the first of a country's comparative advantage, industry selection and position in the international division of labor may be with its own technical knowledge and resources, but also on factors that may be due to chance, but the initial industry structure once formed, the spillover of domestic production technology allows a country's productivity in these industries increased faster than other countries, will make the country's leading position in these industries is more consolidated. This explains why, in a sense Some countries specialize in certain industries, while others specialize in other industries, which is a spillover of domestic relations. Moreover, once formed a production patterns, change is not easy, because the scale of the industry and the domestic spillover will continue to improve labor productivity, as long as the cost of labor productivity growth rate is lower than the growth rate, it will be profitable and continue to exist. the history of a country in determining the long-term patterns of production and trade play an important role.
c) inter-industry and industry technology spillover
spillover can occur between different sectors (intermindustry) and within the same industry, although the different products in many industries, but many of the resources used are the same, How to improve factor productivity of the industries are all promoted. In addition, where the technological advantage may also be spillover to other sectors to other industries also increased productivity, and impact on long-term development of society. [(1) c]
the same industry may have different industry groups (industry clusters), the Group's production technology producing similar products, but not identical. and abroad compared to similar industry groups, the production will have different advantages. international trade and the resulting competition and technology spillovers will shorten the Industry Group the technology gap.
(2) Development (R & D) and technological innovation (Innovation)
Another source of technological change technological innovation, it is an investment, research and development results. New Technology development mainly in: a) improve factor productivity, with limited resources to produce more products, or to ensure that the case of production, use fewer resources; b) improvement of product quality and new product development.
technological innovation or development of technical progress in the degree of specialization can occur. With the production of the social division of labor more and more detailed, a final product can be turned into a business enterprise to produce as many. the same enterprise also can be divided into many sectors, each sector produces only one product components. high degree of specialization so that each department is focused only on a small scale mass production of parts in this specific production, enterprises are likely to profit by reducing costs. In other words, degree of specialization not only the profit obtained from the final product, every production processes are independent, have the possibility of profit. the pursuit of profit to production Technology has improved on every aspect of power.
developing technical progress are often in the development of new products obtained. Market competition has forced enterprises to continuously develop new products or improve product quality, thus creating new technologies.
and a country can be substantial progress in developing technologies, requires two necessary conditions: (1) protection of intellectual property, because there is no protection, develop new products and their benefits the risk asymmetry, but also no incentive to invest in research. (2) To encourage research and investment. Although learning by doing can improve the technology, but there are limits, after all, after all, had to cut the gap with the advanced technology, technical leader of a country in order to be have developed type of technological progress, but the development of technical progress is needed to guarantee the legal and investment.
international trade and development-oriented technical change are mutually reinforcing relationship, the impact of trade on technological innovation, not only through the international market competition is forcing countries to develop new technologies and new products, but also to countries through the international spillover opportunities for mutual inspiration. The new technologies not only the behavior of individual countries, and to become the joint efforts of all countries. Here there is a side economies of scale in technology development problem. In a sense, the international flow of trade and technology research and development can make the formation of , on this basis to further develop a process and not repeat the same. Of course, doing so requires a lot of political and technological conditions, but from the perspective of economics, this is a way of optimal allocation of resources.
another On the one hand, technological innovation can affect trade patterns. in technology as an exogenous variable and the Why are there gaps. technology as endogenous variables of the model have revealed the technology gap is the root cause. Throughout history, we can see that, although the technology and the international foreign overflow process of learning by doing is technically possible to shorten the gap between countries, national existing resources and technology to a country's long-term development and the status in the international division of labor still plays an important role. Therefore, to enhance investment in research and development to develop new technologies to improve the status of a country's trade long-term economic growth and ensure the necessary measures.
three new theory of international trade and further reform and opening up to China over the past fifteen years
revelation, although we have made great achievements in the opening, but still trade policy Many traditional ideas. We made many efforts in the export, but hesitates to open up the domestic market. resumption of GATT status in the application process, we expand imports and open markets into the GATT as a the price is right to have to bear some kind of the protection of certain industries is necessary, can be understood. The question is, how to choose protected objects? ways in which to protect? protect the future and at what price? We must fully estimate the costs of protection, and efforts to minimum cost to achieve our development objectives advanced or infant industries.
classical and neoclassical trade theory has analyzed the protection to consumers and the national welfare brought about by the loss. spillover and learning by doing on the theory and for us to reveal the loss of protection . computers and other knowledge products and general consumer goods, not the same, the use of computers and the popularization of science and technology contains the spread and labor productivity. computers can bring rapid spread of the external effects can not be measured in monetary Moreover, computer development of the industry is not about hardware but the software only on the basis of popularity in order to have sufficient human capital and market demand for software development. by way of trade barriers to protect infant industries, the cost and results must be considered .
trade theory of economies of scale for our trade policy has also put forward many new ideas, new trade theory reveals the contemporary international market competition and the monopoly of trade-oriented features of industrial products, industrial products, the diversity makes any A country can have sufficient resources to produce and export all of the industrial products. International trade has become more and more space, even within the same industry may also import and export of both. modern international competition is not limited to pros and cons of individual products, so we do not need to restrict the import of foreign high-quality products, do not have to produce the foreign accounts through protection advantage. opening up some markets does not mean that the domestic industry can not develop a similar . others produced a few types of models, we can focus our resources or new production of other types of models, and reduce costs through economies of scale to export.
how to make the economies of scale in some industries? economies of scale made in trade theory a factor. If the Government can properly select some promising and can give full play to their advantages in resources industries, through policy support, to help them reach a certain scale of production, then to their own interests and development will be beneficial. This focus on trade protection long-term strategic development of a country, known as the protection. It takes a period of industrial protection, and then transfer. protection purposes only hope that the period of protection, makes the industry itself produce a technological spillover and self-growing capacity in the short term to improve productivity and competitiveness. Protection of the time is short, the protection industry is changing. Paul Krugman borrowed Givens (Givens, 1982) to say, its called Band).
whether it is the policy of free trade is be considered. what the policy of what industry, should have analyzed the pros and cons as accurate as possible. is not a new theory of international trade tells us that the issue should not be protected, but to our trade policy provides more options to consider problems. simply use trade barriers to protect infant industries is a passive way and the old, the price is not small. but from a strategic point of view of the development of certain products (not necessarily the whole industry) may bring about the implementation of protection long-term advantages and benefits, but these products may not be infant industries, means of protection are not necessarily barriers to trade, can be less costly industrial policy or consumer policy, protection should be a short period of time, this protection is a kinds of positive and promising protection.
Reference
[1] Boldrin, M.and JASheinkman, 1988, Learning by Doing, International Trade and Growth: A note, in: SFIStudies in the Sciences of Complexity (AddisonmWesley, Reading MA).
[2] Bresiz, ES, PRKrugman, and I), Tsiddon, 1993, Leadership, American Economic Review, 83,1211 m1219.
[3] Davis, DR, 1994, Intramindustry Trade: A HeckschermOhlinmRicardo Approach, mimeo, Harvard University.
[4] Grossman, GM, and E. Helpman, 1991b, Trade, Knowledge Spillovers and Growth, European Economic Review, 35,517 m526.
[5] Krugman , PR, 1979, A Model of Innovation, TecnnologyTransfer, and the World Distribution of Income, Journal of political Economy, 87,253 m266.
[6] Krugman, PR, 1986, A'Technology gaprModel of International Trade, in: K . Jungenfelt and D. Hague, eds., Structureal Adjustment in Developed O pen Economics (macmillan Press, london) 35m49.
[7] Krugman, PR, 1990, Rethinking International Trade, The MIT Press.
[8 ] Krugman, PR, 1991, History vs.Expectations, Quarterly, Iournal of Economies, 106,651 m667.
[9] Lucas, REJr., 1988, On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22,3 m42 .
[10] Markusen, JR, and LEOSvenson, 1985, Trade in foods and Factors with International Differences in Technology, International Economic Review, 26,175 m192.
[11] Yanagawa, N., 1993, Economic Development in a World with Many Countries, mimeo, Keio University.
[12] Young, A., 1991, Learning by Doing and the Dynamic Effectsof International Trade, Quarterly Journal of Economics.106, 309m405.
(1) a Wang Jianye in Chinese Economists Society, Tang Min, Mao Yushi, editor of ), Grossman and Helpman (Grossman and Helpman, 1990), they were of different sectors of international trade and technological spillovers in the role of long-term growth.
see from the history of economics, international trade theory can be traced back fifteenth century and early sixteenth century mercantilist doctrine. Smith and Ricardo's trade theory, labor is the only factor of production, production technology is a given exogenous variable, constant returns to scale production. Smith and Ricardo trade theory is part of the system of classical economic theory, known as the resource endowments Start with a new method to study the causes and consequences of trade, the study of new trade structure and trade policy, the creation of a series of new doctrine. After ten years of development, these theories have gradually matured. which has been incorporated as part of the textbook, Another part of the continuing discussion, is still the forefront of trade issues, and this paper will briefly describe these new developments in trade theory and explains its significance to China trade policy.
one, economies of scale, imperfect competition, industrial between developed countries and the same industry, trade
propose a new interpretation of the reasons for the trade is mainly developed from the late seventies the . Paul Krugman (Paul Krugman). this theory to the economies of scale in production and world markets based on imperfect competition explain the rapid industrial growth after the war between the country and the same industry, trade between.
economies of scale, trade theory [(1) a] development is based on two theories with different assumptions on the past: (1) production with economies of scale; (2) competition in the international market is incomplete.
specific stresses in the increase. In the participation in international trade before the enterprise is only for domestic demand. Since the limited domestic market demand, companies can not produce too much, so that the production costs and product prices have remained at a high level.
If the enterprises to participate in international trade, product market will be facing the expansion of domestic demand and foreign demand, companies can increase production. As the economies of scale in production stage, the production increase but reduced the average cost of the product, which in the international market increased the competitiveness.
the diversity of the industrial products, either State can not cover all the products of a sector, so that the international division of labor and trade is inevitable. But the specific focus on countries which produce a product which is there is no fixed pattern, both natural (competition) which can also be protocol division of labor. But the developed countries, industrial products between the comparative advantage.
Second, international trade, technology spillover, and economic growth
the late eighties early nineties, the international trade theory research is to focus on international trade and technological progress, the relationship between economic growth to be . in the economics literature, although there are many theoretical explanations of technology in trade and economic growth in the role, but a series of studies put the latest technology as an endogenous variable, not only to discuss the impact of technology on trade, but also of international trade, economic growth in the role of technological progress. to technological changes, imperfect competition, economies of scale and economic growth combined study is the latest development of international trade theory and cutting-edge topics.
the International Trade Theory The backdrop of new development in the post-war pattern of international trade change. in the use of economies of scale and imperfect competition theory that the current . Why are there economies of scale? industry economies of scale and how the formation of the international division of labor? If that technology development is an important difference and one of the reasons, then, how is the technology, development, delivery? technology development and international trade, economic growth relationship is? caused these issues of great interest to international economists. Scholars of international trade theory and growth theory combining the ideas put forward many new.
In recent years, study international economics, international trade, technical change and economic growth in many articles. its theoretical origin, it can be divided into two parts along the Ricardian model, still the technology as an exogenous variable , but from the dynamic point of view of technological change on trade patterns and the impact of national welfare, the other put the technology as an endogenous variable, not only how the impact of technology trade and growth, while the technology development as research, investment, trade and a result of economic growth, changes in research technology, international trade and economic growth in the relationship between each other.
1. technology as an exogenous variable in the trade and growth theory
(1) technical differences in the formation of trade patterns < br> In addition to (Makusen and Svenson, 1985) assumed in their study the proportion of resource allocation between the two countries are the same preferences and needs. production required more than two factor inputs, but do not have economies of scale. But if the two countries in the production Technically there are some subtle differences, labor productivity will be slightly different. in the two countries trade, countries will export their products relatively high factor productivity.
Davis (Davis) in his 1994 study Suppose two countries are also the two industries. The first of an industry produces a single product, and the second industry produces two products can not be completely replaced. Suppose one of them in the second production of the industry with foreign strategic there are technical differences in the production of a product which is technically slightly better than others. In conditions of free trade, factor prices equal to production and export of the country will make the product, while other countries will be the production of export another product.
Markusen, Svensson and Davis study shows that even in the constant returns to scale and perfectly competitive market, the technical differences between the products can also lead to the same industry (intramindustry) trade.
(2) technological change on trade patterns and welfare of
Krugman of the technological progress in 1986 on the welfare of developed and developing countries. In his model, he assumes there are two categories of countries: more technologically advanced countries (developed countries) and the technology is relatively backward countries (developing countries), the products are divided into two categories: technology-intensive products with non-technology-intensive products. These assumptions and Heck Break Seoul m Ohlin model somewhat similar, and its development is: If the technical change of (regardless of why the change), will benefit national trade patterns and what impact?
If such technological advances in developed countries, the result is no harm. First, the developed countries in terms of its technical higher, more advanced products, and as already leading in technology, newer technologies have not faced any competition, no threat to other countries , could not it also threatens other countries, so it is good and technological progress. Second, backward countries did not hurt, because the technology gap, and to the less advanced countries more space to develop and catch up. so technological progress occurs In the advanced countries is beneficial to both of these two groups of countries. For the only disadvantage is that advanced countries do have some technical advantages of the products, technology advances and production and export capacity, has the potential to lower prices of these products, trade conditions may become unfavorable.
if technical progress occurs in less advanced countries? Krugman that the result is narrowing the gap between the two countries, advanced countries of the original is a competition against them. backward countries because of their ability to produce such products and reduce imports, resulting in two results: First, the decline in the prices of these products, the advanced countries of the negative, and second, if such a product requires intensive use of already scarce backward country resources, then the backward countries is also unfavorable.
2. technology as endogenous variables of trade and growth theory
the other hand the development of trade theory is to technology as an endogenous variable to analyze, study the technical changes reasons, but also of technological progress as a result of production and trade patterns of trade and social welfare. technological change, there are two sources, one is passive, not out by the study of development, but from the case, Dry learned is learned through economic behavior, called created. This technical change is an innovation (innovation). technological innovation is the research and development in general (Research and Development, referred to as the R & D) results.
(1) ) and learning process sometimes is not the original purpose, but in other economic activities engaged in production or a natural byproduct of the time. As the owner of advanced technology, and sometimes it is not intended for sale or distribution of their technology, but in the trade or other economic activity the natural output of the technology, known as the technology The. technological spillovers, but also can be divided into international and domestic, inter-industry and industry in several different situations.
a) international spillover
international spillover refers to the technology through direct or indirect (eg through trade) transmitted to other countries, so that producers in other countries have gradually mastered these techniques.
To illustrate the technology in the international spillovers, we assume there are two countries: A countries and B countries, countries in the production of two products, X and Y. In both countries there is no trade, the country produced by the country's production technology and resource allocation decisions, A comparative advantage of state-owned production of X, B Y, the country will have comparative advantage in production. If the two trade occurred, according to can not be a monopoly, commodity trade through technology spillovers have a variety of different results. a situation, A would have been the country's comparative advantage in production of goods X, but B countries more advanced production technology X, there is an absolute advantage. A State B State introduced the production of goods X technology to improve the productivity of do have a comparative advantage. This result played a comparative advantage on its own resources, is conducive to long-term growth A country. In addition, commodity X is B countries have been relatively short term, the division of labor between the two countries after no longer in production and trade. A country can produce more X B countries, the import prices, but also conducive to B countries. this technology spillover to the original from absolute advantage do not have a comparative advantage of A Y. countries, this technology is a result of the introduction of import substitution-oriented growth, but B is a threat for the country and the competition. If A country Y requires intensive use of production its scarce resources, the country's long-term development of A is not necessarily beneficial. trade and technological spillovers are likely to develop into the br> b) domestic technology spillover
domestic technology spillover refers to the technology spread within the country. Because of geography, language, culture and other reasons, the domestic spillover faster than the learning of foreign technology.
eighties later, Krugman, and Lucas (Lucas), respectively, discussed the problem of domestic technology spillover. In Krugman (1987) model, he assumed the two countries A and B, produces a range of products. which Congress in any number of production technology in the initial lead. Despite the international spread of technology, but the domestic technology spillover will be faster. With the passage of time and a faster process of domestic technology spillovers, the The original will accelerate the development of leading industry possible, the original comparative advantage will increase, differences between countries to expand.
Lucas (1988) model and is somewhat similar to Krugman, but he assumed a number of countries, producing two products: X and Y. countries in the same labor and labor productivity, but technical knowledge of the two products different levels of the original master. Some countries produce X, and some countries produce Y, the formation of the first international division of labor. As technology spillover in the country, producing countries X and Y will produce a professional production in their respective continuous improvement in labor productivity, so that the countries the two products on the mastery of technical knowledge gap is growing. In general, countries in the international division of labor is hard to change, unless the product with the growth rate of labor productivity is not on the rate of price decline to change the original status of the international division of labor, a product from production to production of another product, can only be had in those countries on the edge (marginal country).
Crew Gehman and the Lucas analysis shows: the first of a country's comparative advantage, industry selection and position in the international division of labor may be with its own technical knowledge and resources, but also on factors that may be due to chance, but the initial industry structure once formed, the spillover of domestic production technology allows a country's productivity in these industries increased faster than other countries, will make the country's leading position in these industries is more consolidated. This explains why, in a sense Some countries specialize in certain industries, while others specialize in other industries, which is a spillover of domestic relations. Moreover, once formed a production patterns, change is not easy, because the scale of the industry and the domestic spillover will continue to improve labor productivity, as long as the cost of labor productivity growth rate is lower than the growth rate, it will be profitable and continue to exist. the history of a country in determining the long-term patterns of production and trade play an important role.
c) inter-industry and industry technology spillover
spillover can occur between different sectors (intermindustry) and within the same industry, although the different products in many industries, but many of the resources used are the same, How to improve factor productivity of the industries are all promoted. In addition, where the technological advantage may also be spillover to other sectors to other industries also increased productivity, and impact on long-term development of society. [(1) c]
the same industry may have different industry groups (industry clusters), the Group's production technology producing similar products, but not identical. and abroad compared to similar industry groups, the production will have different advantages. international trade and the resulting competition and technology spillovers will shorten the Industry Group the technology gap.
(2) Development (R & D) and technological innovation (Innovation)
Another source of technological change technological innovation, it is an investment, research and development results. New Technology development mainly in: a) improve factor productivity, with limited resources to produce more products, or to ensure that the case of production, use fewer resources; b) improvement of product quality and new product development.
technological innovation or development of technical progress in the degree of specialization can occur. With the production of the social division of labor more and more detailed, a final product can be turned into a business enterprise to produce as many. the same enterprise also can be divided into many sectors, each sector produces only one product components. high degree of specialization so that each department is focused only on a small scale mass production of parts in this specific production, enterprises are likely to profit by reducing costs. In other words, degree of specialization not only the profit obtained from the final product, every production processes are independent, have the possibility of profit. the pursuit of profit to production Technology has improved on every aspect of power.
developing technical progress are often in the development of new products obtained. Market competition has forced enterprises to continuously develop new products or improve product quality, thus creating new technologies.
and a country can be substantial progress in developing technologies, requires two necessary conditions: (1) protection of intellectual property, because there is no protection, develop new products and their benefits the risk asymmetry, but also no incentive to invest in research. (2) To encourage research and investment. Although learning by doing can improve the technology, but there are limits, after all, after all, had to cut the gap with the advanced technology, technical leader of a country in order to be have developed type of technological progress, but the development of technical progress is needed to guarantee the legal and investment.
international trade and development-oriented technical change are mutually reinforcing relationship, the impact of trade on technological innovation, not only through the international market competition is forcing countries to develop new technologies and new products, but also to countries through the international spillover opportunities for mutual inspiration. The new technologies not only the behavior of individual countries, and to become the joint efforts of all countries. Here there is a side economies of scale in technology development problem. In a sense, the international flow of trade and technology research and development can make the formation of , on this basis to further develop a process and not repeat the same. Of course, doing so requires a lot of political and technological conditions, but from the perspective of economics, this is a way of optimal allocation of resources.
another On the one hand, technological innovation can affect trade patterns. in technology as an exogenous variable and the Why are there gaps. technology as endogenous variables of the model have revealed the technology gap is the root cause. Throughout history, we can see that, although the technology and the international foreign overflow process of learning by doing is technically possible to shorten the gap between countries, national existing resources and technology to a country's long-term development and the status in the international division of labor still plays an important role. Therefore, to enhance investment in research and development to develop new technologies to improve the status of a country's trade long-term economic growth and ensure the necessary measures.
three new theory of international trade and further reform and opening up to China over the past fifteen years
revelation, although we have made great achievements in the opening, but still trade policy Many traditional ideas. We made many efforts in the export, but hesitates to open up the domestic market. resumption of GATT status in the application process, we expand imports and open markets into the GATT as a the price is right to have to bear some kind of the protection of certain industries is necessary, can be understood. The question is, how to choose protected objects? ways in which to protect? protect the future and at what price? We must fully estimate the costs of protection, and efforts to minimum cost to achieve our development objectives advanced or infant industries.
classical and neoclassical trade theory has analyzed the protection to consumers and the national welfare brought about by the loss. spillover and learning by doing on the theory and for us to reveal the loss of protection . computers and other knowledge products and general consumer goods, not the same, the use of computers and the popularization of science and technology contains the spread and labor productivity. computers can bring rapid spread of the external effects can not be measured in monetary Moreover, computer development of the industry is not about hardware but the software only on the basis of popularity in order to have sufficient human capital and market demand for software development. by way of trade barriers to protect infant industries, the cost and results must be considered .
trade theory of economies of scale for our trade policy has also put forward many new ideas, new trade theory reveals the contemporary international market competition and the monopoly of trade-oriented features of industrial products, industrial products, the diversity makes any A country can have sufficient resources to produce and export all of the industrial products. International trade has become more and more space, even within the same industry may also import and export of both. modern international competition is not limited to pros and cons of individual products, so we do not need to restrict the import of foreign high-quality products, do not have to produce the foreign accounts through protection advantage. opening up some markets does not mean that the domestic industry can not develop a similar . others produced a few types of models, we can focus our resources or new production of other types of models, and reduce costs through economies of scale to export.
how to make the economies of scale in some industries? economies of scale made in trade theory a factor. If the Government can properly select some promising and can give full play to their advantages in resources industries, through policy support, to help them reach a certain scale of production, then to their own interests and development will be beneficial. This focus on trade protection long-term strategic development of a country, known as the protection. It takes a period of industrial protection, and then transfer. protection purposes only hope that the period of protection, makes the industry itself produce a technological spillover and self-growing capacity in the short term to improve productivity and competitiveness. Protection of the time is short, the protection industry is changing. Paul Krugman borrowed Givens (Givens, 1982) to say, its called Band).
whether it is the policy of free trade is be considered. what the policy of what industry, should have analyzed the pros and cons as accurate as possible. is not a new theory of international trade tells us that the issue should not be protected, but to our trade policy provides more options to consider problems. simply use trade barriers to protect infant industries is a passive way and the old, the price is not small. but from a strategic point of view of the development of certain products (not necessarily the whole industry) may bring about the implementation of protection long-term advantages and benefits, but these products may not be infant industries, means of protection are not necessarily barriers to trade, can be less costly industrial policy or consumer policy, protection should be a short period of time, this protection is a kinds of positive and promising protection.
Reference
[1] Boldrin, M.and JASheinkman, 1988, Learning by Doing, International Trade and Growth: A note, in: SFIStudies in the Sciences of Complexity (AddisonmWesley, Reading MA).
[2] Bresiz, ES, PRKrugman, and I), Tsiddon, 1993, Leadership, American Economic Review, 83,1211 m1219.
[3] Davis, DR, 1994, Intramindustry Trade: A HeckschermOhlinmRicardo Approach, mimeo, Harvard University.
[4] Grossman, GM, and E. Helpman, 1991b, Trade, Knowledge Spillovers and Growth, European Economic Review, 35,517 m526.
[5] Krugman , PR, 1979, A Model of Innovation, TecnnologyTransfer, and the World Distribution of Income, Journal of political Economy, 87,253 m266.
[6] Krugman, PR, 1986, A'Technology gaprModel of International Trade, in: K . Jungenfelt and D. Hague, eds., Structureal Adjustment in Developed O pen Economics (macmillan Press, london) 35m49.
[7] Krugman, PR, 1990, Rethinking International Trade, The MIT Press.
[8 ] Krugman, PR, 1991, History vs.Expectations, Quarterly, Iournal of Economies, 106,651 m667.
[9] Lucas, REJr., 1988, On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics, 22,3 m42 .
[10] Markusen, JR, and LEOSvenson, 1985, Trade in foods and Factors with International Differences in Technology, International Economic Review, 26,175 m192.
[11] Yanagawa, N., 1993, Economic Development in a World with Many Countries, mimeo, Keio University.
[12] Young, A., 1991, Learning by Doing and the Dynamic Effectsof International Trade, Quarterly Journal of Economics.106, 309m405.
(1) a Wang Jianye in Chinese Economists Society, Tang Min, Mao Yushi, editor of ), Grossman and Helpman (Grossman and Helpman, 1990), they were of different sectors of international trade and technological spillovers in the role of long-term growth.
Monday, February 21, 2011
20 of 2006 batch of papers B Teaching
On the physical classroom smile 』『 three Daming County, Hebei Province Hongmiao
Dan Guangling
a successful high school physical education, whether it is the usual classroom teaching or teaching and research courses, race courses, should be Three Smiles essential, but the focus here to discuss the use of teaching methods are not correct or not, but how to play to the characteristics of existing materials to make teaching more with fun, active classroom atmosphere. In general, we like to choose their own familiar or the implementation of the contents of good teaching, it will be more handy. But Select the rhythm of male teachers may be teaching activities, or the content of female teachers face football and so on. At this time we are required to find and use features to create classroom materials on the br> students are teaching the subjects, must give full play to their main role, from passive acceptance to active learning. To make the students in the classroom, praise, less criticism, teachers too serious, will inevitably produce a sense of distance and the students a sense of fear, if the first reaction of the students finish the exercise is to observe teachers face during practice and not feel the satisfaction, then the student will always are let them think demonstration, explanation is the most accurate infected students. but beyond that, teachers should also not be pro-mei, get along with, willing to work with teachers, with the completion of teaching tasks.
teachers and students more intimate. on the part of the game in this class, when the first pass after the game finished, winning cheers from a group of not very warm, when the end of the game with the second time, I side direction to the team, while made to them to be cheering the I deliberately shook his head and said:
in the classroom teaching, adequate preparation is the foundation, in the classroom to do the unique new idea, any one class would be the best.
physics experiment teaching and training of student ability
Lulong County, Hebei Province Township School Lun Bao Liu Geng
soul of a nation experimental science, the discovery of physical laws and the establishment of physical theory must be based strictly based on physical experiments, and are subject to experimental test. Therefore, in physics teaching, especially in the experimental teaching, pay attention to constantly motivate the students through observation, comparison, experiment, induction, analogy and other means of exploring the various assumptions and conjecture proposed the development of their sense of innovation is particularly important to obvious. in high school physics experiment teaching how to cultivate creativity in our students do?
one demonstration experiment is an exploratory variable experiment, students of innovation
in the past, the general classroom demonstration experiment as the main teacher, the students merely spectators, not directly involved, detrimental to their innovative ability. to explore the demonstration experiment to experiment, so that students to the brain, hands, tongue, students play the main role, which will help stimulate the creative thinking of students.
Second, using a variety of experimental methods, active students thinking.
experimental groups for students, we to help students master the test based on the principle that allows students to use different equipment, different experimental procedure for experiments. In the experiment, students need to be trade-offs in a variety of factors, from information on the screen. This requires the students to set goals around the corner process, there is a global perspective and good compromise adaptable in different situations, the resilience of students, students of abstraction have been integrated skills training and development.
Third, the creation of test questions to promote student innovation
innovative teaching capacity development is the study of the elements, leading, find sex, inductive and other organic combination, which requires creative teachers in the experimental application of modern teaching methods and teaching methods, will be a variety of teaching methods to optimize the combination of can also be developed to create activities to encourage students to create.
Fourth, maintaining a positive attitude, active exploration and research
positive that, you one step ahead, one step ahead, you're ahead of an era. Learning is not easy, need to a strong determination and positive attitude, otherwise, only halfway, nothing. the learning process in physics experiments to note the following points: 1, analysis of student grouping experiments .2 anomalies occurred, observe the teacher The demonstration experiment .3, .4 to do extra small experiments, careful analysis of physical phenomena in everyday life.
by physical experiments, not only to achieve the material presented for each experiment experimental purposes, for routine experimental verification of education; but also scientific experiments literacy students, combining theory with practical and realistic scientific style, meticulous serious scientific attitude; more importantly, by grouping experiments, classroom demonstration, a small experiment and extra-curricular physical phenomena in everyday life close observation and diligent in thinking, students take the initiative to study the spirit of exploration and creative discovery, and solve new practical problems.
reflect the chemical experiment of teaching the art of Yongnian County, Hebei Province, the second
Experimental School Hou Chunxiang
Art is human emotion and imagination to grasp and reflect the characteristics of a special method of the world. teaching the principles of artistic principle is one of chemical education, laboratory teaching is an important component of chemical education, which also has rich artistic, understanding the art of chemistry experiments help us to better put into chemical education, improve teaching effectiveness, teaching objectives to complete. art school chemistry experiment in the following areas:
one enlightening
the unity of opposites is the teaching and learning the nature of relationships. With the deepening of the implementation of quality education, people's educational concept is gradually changing, from teaching to self-transition, and fully reflects the leading role of teachers and students in the dominant position. in Teaching Teachers inspire and induction of students into teaching art as well. Chemistry is a lab-based disciplines, to enrich their experience and knowledge, can not do without chemical experiment; to create new products is also inseparable from the chemical experiment. chemistry experiment is to train students in creative thinking the best way.
demonstration experiment for the teaching and student of existing experimental content, methods and steps for improvement; also need to be supplemented with teaching some of the key experimental demonstration experiment or students. clever idea, well-designed discoverers and explorers of the students placed in the position. With the problem of layers of depth, not only to enable students to consolidate their knowledge, but also feelings of success and happiness in the innovation, the activation of the innovative thinking, improve innovation capabilities. With deepening of the reform of education and teaching, research study is the information age, the embodiment of the school educational requirements, is a teacher's own innovation performance, innovation capability is one of students we try and practice, and research study can not do without experiment.
Third, the lack of aesthetic beauty of
education is incomplete education, education is not complete full development is difficult to train qualified personnel. aesthetic is reflected in all aspects of education including the teaching of chemistry experiments . students to experiment not only training the basic skills, but also shape the United States, reflecting the source of the United States. Experiments show that under the correct guidance of teachers, students observe the experiment experimental discipline, flexible operation, bold but cautious, fully embodies the psychological quality of the United States, experimental operation the United States.
four scientific
chemistry is a natural science, natural science, of course inseparable from the experiments, development of education in high school chemistry experiment more prominent importance. Experiment shows the process of education itself is not only scientific and reflects the teacher's education in the experiment to develop attitudes and develop students in the experimental scientific method of learning. experiment is a scientific question, for thinking is not just a scientific issue based on past experience and knowledge of all , but according to the environmental issues and basic principles, bold vision, careful argument.
chemistry experiment is the continuous development of improved survival and the basis for the emotional and students in the experiment, operation of the skill, the students interest of all to show the art high school chemistry experiment. how to better play to the art of high school chemistry experiment, each chemical educators deserve our research and exploration. I firmly believe that educational reform in the new situation, the chemical experiment will be even more perfect artistic expression.
the teaching of biology students thinking
comparison Cixian Hebei government-run school district to spend the new
Hu compare the activities of thinking is creative thinking and effective a way of thinking common components. It refers to two or more under the same or similar characteristics comparison between things, from one thing to speculate on some known characteristics of the corresponding features of other things, the existence of differences in seeking common ground, with the divergent, resulting in new knowledge, draw conclusions and creative. Comparative Biology students have the obvious advantage of thinking, teachers should give full play to the advantages of comparative thinking ability of students.
First, comparative thinking in teaching status and role of
1. for the concept of teaching is conducive to deepening the understanding of the concept of students in the teaching process, using comparative way of thinking of students to different real discrimination looks like the problems linked to enable students to accurately grasp the essence of the concept, impressive, not easy to forget, but also allows students to also remember a few similar concepts. long-term effect, it will improve their thinking ability.
2 to impart new knowledge, help students to consolidate old knowledge, deepen their understanding of new knowledge and memory of new knowledge in teaching, teachers should make full use of existing knowledge, application of comparative thinking, linking the old and new knowledge, differences in seeking the same, with the divergent guide students to draw knowledge .
3, for review of teaching is beneficial to the students the knowledge or the total systematic review by periodic review, the biological knowledge of the system to link up to form the overall concept. in the review stage, the method used to compare similar Even the concept of the opposite order for the systematic knowledge of materials is conducive to store memories in the brain, is conducive to positive transfer of knowledge, is conducive to the comprehensive thinking ability students.
two main methods of thinking Cultivation of comparative thinking
not only for teachers, student learning is an important and effective method. In teaching, teachers should carefully study materials, depending on the content, select the comparison of different methods used to organize the teaching.
1 tabular comparison law is a teacher in explaining biological concepts, principles, through the prompt internal relations of things, summarized the similarities, differences or common law, and expressed in the form of tables, to facilitate students to compare induction and flexible memory.
2 biological analysis and comparison method mix, knowledge complexity, by their nature, characteristics, comparative analysis of internal links, to make the knowledge and systematic. In teaching, can be used before and after contact, compared to explain, explain the system so that students grasp the characteristics of knowledge based on the complete control of biological knowledge.
3 biology test comparison method is an experimental science. the so-called comparative experiment is based on the experimental purpose, the subjects were divided into two (or more), One is the control, as a comparison standard, one (or more) is an experimental subject, its treatment measures taken, and then observe and compare the experimental results or changes in the experimental data to test conclusions drawn.
4 Photo Comparative Law this method. It helps to highlight the structure and function, form a unified structure and living environment and enhance the knowledge of the inner links and highlights the evolutionary point of view, so that students easily identify, understand, remember and master. both vertical comparisons but also horizontal comparison, through the systematic analysis and comparison of different categories and summarized the similarities and biological characteristics, the biology of learning from hard shift, simplify.
optimize the development of mathematics teaching thinking skills of students
Hebei County Canton Province Canton City School Shi Lanyu Pingjhen
Central School is both a controlled process of teaching the process of information flow, the task is completed the main way of teaching mathematics. on the formation of the teaching process optimization of various structural control and regulation system , it is a large area to improve the quality of primary school mathematics teaching the key. Therefore, as in the leading role in the process of teaching teachers, with particular emphasis on optimizing the development of mathematics teaching one student's thinking ability
, motivational, the quality of students thought the intention
direct promotion of human motivation is internal motivation of the activities and power, the psychologist Bruner to personality, his activities are dominated by interest in all the activities to be effective for a certain interest in a prerequisite. interested can generate motivation, student learning is one of the important sources of power, with interest, teaching to achieve good effect.
Second, increasing entropy with information to enhance the density
to stimulate thinking, thinking, activities must be effective control of the process of teaching a planned and purposeful transfer of information with entropy, to improve the density of thinking.
1. to the internal language students to think independently. mathematics teaching, students can give full play to make learning initiative, which requires teachers to students as thinking requires, but also to leave some space for students to think independently. In teaching students to think about and then do it. to enable students to speech and action control to gradually play a conscious role in promoting the thinking of the inner speech to promote logical thinking capabilities of students. modern education concept that mathematics teaching is the teaching of mathematics activities, namely, the teaching of thinking activity. Language is usually thought of thinking is the language of shell hh shown as the carrier. the student's cognitive law school students with the operation, the hands should, think for the expression of dynamic combination of mouth, that is, from the logical thinking. the main thinking things are good at different levels in the vertical and horizontal two aspects of development, to the depth and breadth of development issues to achieve a comprehensive understanding of things. To this end, teachers should pay attention to the process of teaching in mathematics to reveal mathematical essence of the problem, to help students improve their thinking ability concise. In problem-solving process, the first overall analysis of the issues, build mathematical models of thinking, and then outside to the inside, revealing the essence of problems. when the problem tends to resolve after from here, a systematic study related issues, so that you can solve a problem for solving a class of problems, that analogy. to question the application of training, for example, teachers should be good from the horizontal, vertical, reverse, multi-level system , the evolution of multi-up, expand, deepen, in order to improve mathematics teaching in the density and capacity. are the only way to achieve not increase the burden on students, but also the purpose of improving teaching quality.
optimize the mathematics classroom teaching, development thinking ability of students, teaching objectives must be clear, focused teaching, teaching methods and reasonable in order to ensure teaching effectiveness and reduce the heavy burden of students to implement.
how to improve the plug-speak, write, then teaching
Hebei Qiuxian Center School Liuzeng Jun
Nanxincun shop now language teaching, learning and more emphasis in the text for students to explore the main angle, in fact, pay more attention to the process of writing and pay attention to the main body of students a sense, become the passive subject traction to the idea of active extension. From the Process of writing instruction, to establish the status of students, students living in close contact, attention to the role of emotional power, it is an important guiding principle. in the composition process of teaching teachers to stimulate student life, learning memory the basis of emotion into the teachers to enable students to create scenarios, scenarios linked together, encouraging students to express the idea of an orderly end to form the text for the results.
one. music into the title, sparking memories of the
Picture Talk, write, then the fourth volume is used in teaching moral education course wall charts students in the first volume Kantuxuewen the introduction of teaching background. from the effects of view, students interested in this interesting situation to be aroused. and memories Ye Hao, Ye Hao gave the students a set of scenarios is the emotional experience of beauty is a harmony, peace atmosphere, and viewer of teaching the subject is different, which in turn will enable students to gradually realize the contrast of emotional meaning map.
II. inspire enthusiasm, and guide students in learning activities
the owner, just follow education law, to create a relaxed, harmonious, democratic atmosphere of teaching, students can fully active, lively, vivid development. When the wall charts show, the students have a surprised expression, because the four theme emerged in a chart stray geese encountered fierce attack eagle, and finally with the help of geese out of danger. This is formed into the atmosphere different. Although Figure meaning is obvious, but let the children speak out is not easy. I designed Some links and take advantage of causal factors to stimulate students to think and express enthusiasm, let them say to each other, said that in public.
III. full praise, attention to composition class of all those heads at
flexible, open-minded The students are the most active, because they first read map views, clear thinking, a more accurate expression of confidence is also very full. In contrast to those thinking more slowly, not very well express less confidence in the students, always fear of students and teachers because of the error is ridiculed. so full attention to writing in the teaching experience of all students, in a timely manner the ability of students to the differences between different levels of feedback and help them. When students start the discussion, I take the initiative to go to express difficult or courageous which small groups of students, guide and encourage them to tell the hearts want to say. In the summary after the discussion, ask them to answer some of the problems have been resolved some of the simple, gradually build confidence.
truly student-centered teaching ideas and teaching practice is a cyclical process of rising above think, do, feel only my teaching practice in a small attempt, the quality of education in the spring ready to get more opportunity to practice and is willing to humble to the cause of educational reform to make its own contribution. This article inappropriate invited the experts and teachers criticized the correction.
discussion method of teaching in geography skills
name of Hebei Province Zhimin
County high schools to discuss experimental method is a student-centered activities in their own teaching methods. If a reasonable discussion method used, the classroom is the stage of active learning, classroom to become a student of positive thinking, wisdom flash of inspiration place. If the use of Debu appropriate, classroom teachers will become the stage monologue.
one to discuss the contents of the class discussion to select the right
is a problem and show the phenomenon of teachers to guide students to express their views or argument. To get the students have to say, an arguable, there insights to discuss the choice of topics should be carefully planned, well thought-off, classroom time is limited, if it is granted a new lesson, discussion questions should not be too much, usually 2 -3 title is appropriate. discussion questions to be refined expression, tempting. subject to appropriate content, not beyond what they have learned, is not confined to existing knowledge, to maintain moderate difficulty.
Second, the timing of the discussion
class discussions to fully start the general situation to go through to set (or background rendering) - Free Discussion - express opinions - students summarize the four stages. To complete this process, teachers must give students adequate free discussion time, linked together, mobilize the enthusiasm of the students a real and inherent potential, so that the classroom may be heated arguments have led to the wonderful whimsy. to discuss what you really need long time, there is no set number, the teacher should flexibility, as the case. but if we can do the following prior work, class discussions can not only save time, but also to ensure the effectiveness of the discussion.
of the discussions of the spatial organization of the discussion should take at least two reasonable
individual, the classroom model for fixed, said the space to discuss the form of two commonly used at the same table, or around, four discussion. Although the discussion is only the form of spatial organization, but the spatial arrangement are reasonable, it can mobilize the initiative and enthusiasm of students . If we can discuss arrangements for u-space, or spatial organization are free to change, it is more improved. In short, the spatial organization should be conducive to enthusiastic participation of all students, should be beneficial to highlight the brilliant speech.
four to discuss the composition of staff
to be flexible under normal circumstances, the composition of discussion groups are free to staff, usually at the same table, the students around, with discussion. Of course, at the same table know each other before and after the harmonious relationship, may be able to cooperate happily and successfully complete the discussion of issues . But I found by observation, discussion groups following distinctive, often discussed in class to become hot zone. one of like-minded friends together to discuss, to speak their minds, the same point of view is easy; II, together with a discussion of male and female students , can stimulate the expression of individual desire; Third, there is active participation in discussion groups, can lead to rhythm, set off a national debate; four learning styles mix together to discuss complementary and can promote each other, Yangchangbuduan, can provide comprehensive view.
discuss personnel, teachers should also be actively involved, but the identity of the authority of teachers not to provide information, do not answer to the authority of the students are mistaken judgments, will not necessarily have to lead a pre-discussion definite conclusions. teachers often do, is to actively guide students center around the question to speak and to promote interaction among students, active play to the organizers, the role of regulator.
In summary, the discussion method use is conditional, it is necessary to consider the content of the right issues, but also to arrange your time, space, personnel, or even have to consider the discipline of the class, and student self-control and so on. Generally speaking, the teaching of the new phase of knowledge , in the basic skills training, when students not prepared in time, is not suitable for use discussion method.
heuristic history teaching Yongnian County, Hebei Province, along the south
towns compared the total school Xu Zhou
heuristic method of teaching is the soul of a variety of teaching methods, should permeate all aspects of the teaching activities, and implement the teaching process from beginning to end. Teachers model and the general requirements in a typical combination of teaching and guidance combined with the additional phase to the positive the principle of cooperation under the guidance may take the form of a variety of inspiration. heuristics in the form below to talk a bit superficial understanding.
one, is asking teachers to inspire the most commonly used is an inspiration in the form, that is based on teaching The focus on key issues raised enlightening. It is often the key place in the textbooks, the turning point and extended at the other proposed moderate difficulty also is conducive to the resonance between teachers and students. Meanwhile, we must refer to the students the correct way of thinking, analyzing problems from the correct position.
Second, it is instructive to ask the opposite question from the perspective of teachers or other point to ask questions, stimulate their thinking and deepen the students understanding of the nature of historical knowledge and train students with Marxist theory the ability to analyze and solve problems.
Third, inspired this observation is the use of pictures, objects, slides and video, such as enhanced visual image rendering ability of students to form a historical representation and thinking in images, and then coaching and inspiring teachers to explain the logic into the next so that students find out the laws or strengthen understanding of the nature of historical knowledge.
four scenarios inspired by this teacher agitation with noble emotion, fun and artistic language, or audio-visual means to render the atmosphere and heighten the theme of historical events or historical figures to life, the formation of a mood, to enhance emotional memory and enable students to receive education from.
V, reasoning is based on the historical development inspired the causal relations and internal relations, inspire students to logical reasoning, and draw valid conclusions.
VI is based on historical facts to determine enlightening, after pulling points, increased to reflect the understanding of the law of development of the height of things, to determine the historical conclusion is that with non.
seven, it is instructive to compare the corresponding two sides of an issue, or to compare different knowledge of history, through inspiration, so that students learn more about understanding of the connotation and extension of knowledge.
eight, inspired by analogy is a common property of some historical knowledge of classification, comparison, inspiring students to find similarities and differences, to enable students to accurately grasp the true meaning of historical knowledge. Meanwhile, to improve ability to identify great benefit of students.
nine, inspired by the convergence of certain historical facts is a comprehensive, through inspiration, come to logical conclusion, so that students understand the historical knowledge of the feelings to rational knowledge, access to deep , a strong concept or theory.
ten, the proliferation of inspiration is a problem-centered, multi-angle questions for students to layers of deep thinking, re-combination of knowledge, multi-access to knowledge, is the thinking of a variety of answers inspired form. It can develop students ability to work, but also can stimulate the enthusiasm of the students and the creative spirit. For example, say this issue through to a given problem, and guide students to think multi-enable students to firmly grasp the basics, and flexible use of learned knowledge, replicability, by analogy.
heuristic could take different forms, but in principle only A: that teachers play a leading role in the premise, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the students, initiative and creativity, based on their mastery of knowledge, capacity and ideological education for the purpose.
the wisdom of building the language classroom
Solid Zhen Ping County, Hebei Province wide central school curriculum
PATHOLOGY expected life of the classroom should be met, the mind similar to the classroom, is Zhiyiwennan place, the truth is through dialogue to explore the place. This class is a complex, dynamically generated, it is always in the ordered and disordered development of the integration. Therefore, today's educational needs of our personnel to construct, with the wisdom to practice.
you how to play the educational wisdom of constructing a new language class do?
one, with the wisdom Optimize Teaching Design
instructional design blueprint for classroom teaching. Optimize Teaching Design, it is necessary to ascertain a thorough understanding of course content and learning on the basis of the situation, seize the few entry point:
(a) of the inventive, the creation of the new situation.
We often have such a feeling: a many times on old texts, seems to have been hard to dig out new ideas, but some people still can Off the beaten track, the old text on a new level. Creative instructional design is always the charm.
(b) of the discerning, digging training points.
target language class should be implemented in the ontology language of the text experience on the perception . superficial learning a language should not have a large area of Our language classroom presents a different kind of exciting.
(c) imaginative, design development practice.
to expand our practice in the language classroom nowadays is very common. We see the expansion of good practice can be timely focus for the break, and resolve difficult service; good development practice to develop the students thinking, and promote the use of knowledge transfer; good design practice to expand flashing brilliant teacher of wisdom.
Second, with the wisdom to control the language classroom.
sway talented classroom teachers and the wisdom of the stage. classroom teachers is a complex challenge, it is dynamically generated and can create many exciting moments.
(a) random clever Reviews
Teachers timely and appropriate reviews, they are trying to dialogue with the soul is thought the collision sparks, but also the wisdom to lead a higher level. We should develop intelligent, distinctive language assessment for students while in the mental and physical pleasure crops and inspiration.
(b) take advantage of the opportunity generation
Health and development process, classroom teaching is the ever-changing, and resourcefulness of teachers is actually a kind of mental art is long out of practice teaching practice.
(c) to calmly deal with
a teacher of wisdom, to capture opportunities from the embarrassment, of mediocre to wonderful, miraculous, educating people play the harmonious melody. on the classroom a species reflects the profound cultural literacy.
In short, the language which is full of ideas, full of spirit, full of wisdom of the discipline. The classroom is a more challenging place full of wisdom. language education as an art of existence, does have its the unique magic of amazing. which is what we as educators need to continue the pursuit of a thing.
using open-book examination of the political book County Vocational Education Center Takeshi new
open-book examination, in which the important role of textbooks is understandable, then, how to make good use of textbooks, to help us accurately and quickly answer, do have something luxurious. I by examiners and markers, many students found the answer in the use of textbooks when there are more harm than good practice, are summarized as follows:
one question from the book to find
This is the part of the students study and review in the usual in, out of luck, the class the teacher talked about examples, or their book done in the supplementary questions and answers patiently, dense copy space in the textbooks, some of the textbooks cover both the original text lived. examination, by ...
Dan Guangling
a successful high school physical education, whether it is the usual classroom teaching or teaching and research courses, race courses, should be Three Smiles essential, but the focus here to discuss the use of teaching methods are not correct or not, but how to play to the characteristics of existing materials to make teaching more with fun, active classroom atmosphere. In general, we like to choose their own familiar or the implementation of the contents of good teaching, it will be more handy. But Select the rhythm of male teachers may be teaching activities, or the content of female teachers face football and so on. At this time we are required to find and use features to create classroom materials on the br> students are teaching the subjects, must give full play to their main role, from passive acceptance to active learning. To make the students in the classroom, praise, less criticism, teachers too serious, will inevitably produce a sense of distance and the students a sense of fear, if the first reaction of the students finish the exercise is to observe teachers face during practice and not feel the satisfaction, then the student will always are let them think demonstration, explanation is the most accurate infected students. but beyond that, teachers should also not be pro-mei, get along with, willing to work with teachers, with the completion of teaching tasks.
teachers and students more intimate. on the part of the game in this class, when the first pass after the game finished, winning cheers from a group of not very warm, when the end of the game with the second time, I side direction to the team, while made to them to be cheering the I deliberately shook his head and said:
in the classroom teaching, adequate preparation is the foundation, in the classroom to do the unique new idea, any one class would be the best.
physics experiment teaching and training of student ability
Lulong County, Hebei Province Township School Lun Bao Liu Geng
soul of a nation experimental science, the discovery of physical laws and the establishment of physical theory must be based strictly based on physical experiments, and are subject to experimental test. Therefore, in physics teaching, especially in the experimental teaching, pay attention to constantly motivate the students through observation, comparison, experiment, induction, analogy and other means of exploring the various assumptions and conjecture proposed the development of their sense of innovation is particularly important to obvious. in high school physics experiment teaching how to cultivate creativity in our students do?
one demonstration experiment is an exploratory variable experiment, students of innovation
in the past, the general classroom demonstration experiment as the main teacher, the students merely spectators, not directly involved, detrimental to their innovative ability. to explore the demonstration experiment to experiment, so that students to the brain, hands, tongue, students play the main role, which will help stimulate the creative thinking of students.
Second, using a variety of experimental methods, active students thinking.
experimental groups for students, we to help students master the test based on the principle that allows students to use different equipment, different experimental procedure for experiments. In the experiment, students need to be trade-offs in a variety of factors, from information on the screen. This requires the students to set goals around the corner process, there is a global perspective and good compromise adaptable in different situations, the resilience of students, students of abstraction have been integrated skills training and development.
Third, the creation of test questions to promote student innovation
innovative teaching capacity development is the study of the elements, leading, find sex, inductive and other organic combination, which requires creative teachers in the experimental application of modern teaching methods and teaching methods, will be a variety of teaching methods to optimize the combination of can also be developed to create activities to encourage students to create.
Fourth, maintaining a positive attitude, active exploration and research
positive that, you one step ahead, one step ahead, you're ahead of an era. Learning is not easy, need to a strong determination and positive attitude, otherwise, only halfway, nothing. the learning process in physics experiments to note the following points: 1, analysis of student grouping experiments .2 anomalies occurred, observe the teacher The demonstration experiment .3, .4 to do extra small experiments, careful analysis of physical phenomena in everyday life.
by physical experiments, not only to achieve the material presented for each experiment experimental purposes, for routine experimental verification of education; but also scientific experiments literacy students, combining theory with practical and realistic scientific style, meticulous serious scientific attitude; more importantly, by grouping experiments, classroom demonstration, a small experiment and extra-curricular physical phenomena in everyday life close observation and diligent in thinking, students take the initiative to study the spirit of exploration and creative discovery, and solve new practical problems.
reflect the chemical experiment of teaching the art of Yongnian County, Hebei Province, the second
Experimental School Hou Chunxiang
Art is human emotion and imagination to grasp and reflect the characteristics of a special method of the world. teaching the principles of artistic principle is one of chemical education, laboratory teaching is an important component of chemical education, which also has rich artistic, understanding the art of chemistry experiments help us to better put into chemical education, improve teaching effectiveness, teaching objectives to complete. art school chemistry experiment in the following areas:
one enlightening
the unity of opposites is the teaching and learning the nature of relationships. With the deepening of the implementation of quality education, people's educational concept is gradually changing, from teaching to self-transition, and fully reflects the leading role of teachers and students in the dominant position. in Teaching Teachers inspire and induction of students into teaching art as well. Chemistry is a lab-based disciplines, to enrich their experience and knowledge, can not do without chemical experiment; to create new products is also inseparable from the chemical experiment. chemistry experiment is to train students in creative thinking the best way.
demonstration experiment for the teaching and student of existing experimental content, methods and steps for improvement; also need to be supplemented with teaching some of the key experimental demonstration experiment or students. clever idea, well-designed discoverers and explorers of the students placed in the position. With the problem of layers of depth, not only to enable students to consolidate their knowledge, but also feelings of success and happiness in the innovation, the activation of the innovative thinking, improve innovation capabilities. With deepening of the reform of education and teaching, research study is the information age, the embodiment of the school educational requirements, is a teacher's own innovation performance, innovation capability is one of students we try and practice, and research study can not do without experiment.
Third, the lack of aesthetic beauty of
education is incomplete education, education is not complete full development is difficult to train qualified personnel. aesthetic is reflected in all aspects of education including the teaching of chemistry experiments . students to experiment not only training the basic skills, but also shape the United States, reflecting the source of the United States. Experiments show that under the correct guidance of teachers, students observe the experiment experimental discipline, flexible operation, bold but cautious, fully embodies the psychological quality of the United States, experimental operation the United States.
four scientific
chemistry is a natural science, natural science, of course inseparable from the experiments, development of education in high school chemistry experiment more prominent importance. Experiment shows the process of education itself is not only scientific and reflects the teacher's education in the experiment to develop attitudes and develop students in the experimental scientific method of learning. experiment is a scientific question, for thinking is not just a scientific issue based on past experience and knowledge of all , but according to the environmental issues and basic principles, bold vision, careful argument.
chemistry experiment is the continuous development of improved survival and the basis for the emotional and students in the experiment, operation of the skill, the students interest of all to show the art high school chemistry experiment. how to better play to the art of high school chemistry experiment, each chemical educators deserve our research and exploration. I firmly believe that educational reform in the new situation, the chemical experiment will be even more perfect artistic expression.
the teaching of biology students thinking
comparison Cixian Hebei government-run school district to spend the new
Hu compare the activities of thinking is creative thinking and effective a way of thinking common components. It refers to two or more under the same or similar characteristics comparison between things, from one thing to speculate on some known characteristics of the corresponding features of other things, the existence of differences in seeking common ground, with the divergent, resulting in new knowledge, draw conclusions and creative. Comparative Biology students have the obvious advantage of thinking, teachers should give full play to the advantages of comparative thinking ability of students.
First, comparative thinking in teaching status and role of
1. for the concept of teaching is conducive to deepening the understanding of the concept of students in the teaching process, using comparative way of thinking of students to different real discrimination looks like the problems linked to enable students to accurately grasp the essence of the concept, impressive, not easy to forget, but also allows students to also remember a few similar concepts. long-term effect, it will improve their thinking ability.
2 to impart new knowledge, help students to consolidate old knowledge, deepen their understanding of new knowledge and memory of new knowledge in teaching, teachers should make full use of existing knowledge, application of comparative thinking, linking the old and new knowledge, differences in seeking the same, with the divergent guide students to draw knowledge .
3, for review of teaching is beneficial to the students the knowledge or the total systematic review by periodic review, the biological knowledge of the system to link up to form the overall concept. in the review stage, the method used to compare similar Even the concept of the opposite order for the systematic knowledge of materials is conducive to store memories in the brain, is conducive to positive transfer of knowledge, is conducive to the comprehensive thinking ability students.
two main methods of thinking Cultivation of comparative thinking
not only for teachers, student learning is an important and effective method. In teaching, teachers should carefully study materials, depending on the content, select the comparison of different methods used to organize the teaching.
1 tabular comparison law is a teacher in explaining biological concepts, principles, through the prompt internal relations of things, summarized the similarities, differences or common law, and expressed in the form of tables, to facilitate students to compare induction and flexible memory.
2 biological analysis and comparison method mix, knowledge complexity, by their nature, characteristics, comparative analysis of internal links, to make the knowledge and systematic. In teaching, can be used before and after contact, compared to explain, explain the system so that students grasp the characteristics of knowledge based on the complete control of biological knowledge.
3 biology test comparison method is an experimental science. the so-called comparative experiment is based on the experimental purpose, the subjects were divided into two (or more), One is the control, as a comparison standard, one (or more) is an experimental subject, its treatment measures taken, and then observe and compare the experimental results or changes in the experimental data to test conclusions drawn.
4 Photo Comparative Law this method. It helps to highlight the structure and function, form a unified structure and living environment and enhance the knowledge of the inner links and highlights the evolutionary point of view, so that students easily identify, understand, remember and master. both vertical comparisons but also horizontal comparison, through the systematic analysis and comparison of different categories and summarized the similarities and biological characteristics, the biology of learning from hard shift, simplify.
optimize the development of mathematics teaching thinking skills of students
Hebei County Canton Province Canton City School Shi Lanyu Pingjhen
Central School is both a controlled process of teaching the process of information flow, the task is completed the main way of teaching mathematics. on the formation of the teaching process optimization of various structural control and regulation system , it is a large area to improve the quality of primary school mathematics teaching the key. Therefore, as in the leading role in the process of teaching teachers, with particular emphasis on optimizing the development of mathematics teaching one student's thinking ability
, motivational, the quality of students thought the intention
direct promotion of human motivation is internal motivation of the activities and power, the psychologist Bruner to personality, his activities are dominated by interest in all the activities to be effective for a certain interest in a prerequisite. interested can generate motivation, student learning is one of the important sources of power, with interest, teaching to achieve good effect.
Second, increasing entropy with information to enhance the density
to stimulate thinking, thinking, activities must be effective control of the process of teaching a planned and purposeful transfer of information with entropy, to improve the density of thinking.
1. to the internal language students to think independently. mathematics teaching, students can give full play to make learning initiative, which requires teachers to students as thinking requires, but also to leave some space for students to think independently. In teaching students to think about and then do it. to enable students to speech and action control to gradually play a conscious role in promoting the thinking of the inner speech to promote logical thinking capabilities of students. modern education concept that mathematics teaching is the teaching of mathematics activities, namely, the teaching of thinking activity. Language is usually thought of thinking is the language of shell hh shown as the carrier. the student's cognitive law school students with the operation, the hands should, think for the expression of dynamic combination of mouth, that is, from the logical thinking. the main thinking things are good at different levels in the vertical and horizontal two aspects of development, to the depth and breadth of development issues to achieve a comprehensive understanding of things. To this end, teachers should pay attention to the process of teaching in mathematics to reveal mathematical essence of the problem, to help students improve their thinking ability concise. In problem-solving process, the first overall analysis of the issues, build mathematical models of thinking, and then outside to the inside, revealing the essence of problems. when the problem tends to resolve after from here, a systematic study related issues, so that you can solve a problem for solving a class of problems, that analogy. to question the application of training, for example, teachers should be good from the horizontal, vertical, reverse, multi-level system , the evolution of multi-up, expand, deepen, in order to improve mathematics teaching in the density and capacity. are the only way to achieve not increase the burden on students, but also the purpose of improving teaching quality.
optimize the mathematics classroom teaching, development thinking ability of students, teaching objectives must be clear, focused teaching, teaching methods and reasonable in order to ensure teaching effectiveness and reduce the heavy burden of students to implement.
how to improve the plug-speak, write, then teaching
Hebei Qiuxian Center School Liuzeng Jun
Nanxincun shop now language teaching, learning and more emphasis in the text for students to explore the main angle, in fact, pay more attention to the process of writing and pay attention to the main body of students a sense, become the passive subject traction to the idea of active extension. From the Process of writing instruction, to establish the status of students, students living in close contact, attention to the role of emotional power, it is an important guiding principle. in the composition process of teaching teachers to stimulate student life, learning memory the basis of emotion into the teachers to enable students to create scenarios, scenarios linked together, encouraging students to express the idea of an orderly end to form the text for the results.
one. music into the title, sparking memories of the
Picture Talk, write, then the fourth volume is used in teaching moral education course wall charts students in the first volume Kantuxuewen the introduction of teaching background. from the effects of view, students interested in this interesting situation to be aroused. and memories Ye Hao, Ye Hao gave the students a set of scenarios is the emotional experience of beauty is a harmony, peace atmosphere, and viewer of teaching the subject is different, which in turn will enable students to gradually realize the contrast of emotional meaning map.
II. inspire enthusiasm, and guide students in learning activities
the owner, just follow education law, to create a relaxed, harmonious, democratic atmosphere of teaching, students can fully active, lively, vivid development. When the wall charts show, the students have a surprised expression, because the four theme emerged in a chart stray geese encountered fierce attack eagle, and finally with the help of geese out of danger. This is formed into the atmosphere different. Although Figure meaning is obvious, but let the children speak out is not easy. I designed Some links and take advantage of causal factors to stimulate students to think and express enthusiasm, let them say to each other, said that in public.
III. full praise, attention to composition class of all those heads at
flexible, open-minded The students are the most active, because they first read map views, clear thinking, a more accurate expression of confidence is also very full. In contrast to those thinking more slowly, not very well express less confidence in the students, always fear of students and teachers because of the error is ridiculed. so full attention to writing in the teaching experience of all students, in a timely manner the ability of students to the differences between different levels of feedback and help them. When students start the discussion, I take the initiative to go to express difficult or courageous which small groups of students, guide and encourage them to tell the hearts want to say. In the summary after the discussion, ask them to answer some of the problems have been resolved some of the simple, gradually build confidence.
truly student-centered teaching ideas and teaching practice is a cyclical process of rising above think, do, feel only my teaching practice in a small attempt, the quality of education in the spring ready to get more opportunity to practice and is willing to humble to the cause of educational reform to make its own contribution. This article inappropriate invited the experts and teachers criticized the correction.
discussion method of teaching in geography skills
name of Hebei Province Zhimin
County high schools to discuss experimental method is a student-centered activities in their own teaching methods. If a reasonable discussion method used, the classroom is the stage of active learning, classroom to become a student of positive thinking, wisdom flash of inspiration place. If the use of Debu appropriate, classroom teachers will become the stage monologue.
one to discuss the contents of the class discussion to select the right
is a problem and show the phenomenon of teachers to guide students to express their views or argument. To get the students have to say, an arguable, there insights to discuss the choice of topics should be carefully planned, well thought-off, classroom time is limited, if it is granted a new lesson, discussion questions should not be too much, usually 2 -3 title is appropriate. discussion questions to be refined expression, tempting. subject to appropriate content, not beyond what they have learned, is not confined to existing knowledge, to maintain moderate difficulty.
Second, the timing of the discussion
class discussions to fully start the general situation to go through to set (or background rendering) - Free Discussion - express opinions - students summarize the four stages. To complete this process, teachers must give students adequate free discussion time, linked together, mobilize the enthusiasm of the students a real and inherent potential, so that the classroom may be heated arguments have led to the wonderful whimsy. to discuss what you really need long time, there is no set number, the teacher should flexibility, as the case. but if we can do the following prior work, class discussions can not only save time, but also to ensure the effectiveness of the discussion.
of the discussions of the spatial organization of the discussion should take at least two reasonable
individual, the classroom model for fixed, said the space to discuss the form of two commonly used at the same table, or around, four discussion. Although the discussion is only the form of spatial organization, but the spatial arrangement are reasonable, it can mobilize the initiative and enthusiasm of students . If we can discuss arrangements for u-space, or spatial organization are free to change, it is more improved. In short, the spatial organization should be conducive to enthusiastic participation of all students, should be beneficial to highlight the brilliant speech.
four to discuss the composition of staff
to be flexible under normal circumstances, the composition of discussion groups are free to staff, usually at the same table, the students around, with discussion. Of course, at the same table know each other before and after the harmonious relationship, may be able to cooperate happily and successfully complete the discussion of issues . But I found by observation, discussion groups following distinctive, often discussed in class to become hot zone. one of like-minded friends together to discuss, to speak their minds, the same point of view is easy; II, together with a discussion of male and female students , can stimulate the expression of individual desire; Third, there is active participation in discussion groups, can lead to rhythm, set off a national debate; four learning styles mix together to discuss complementary and can promote each other, Yangchangbuduan, can provide comprehensive view.
discuss personnel, teachers should also be actively involved, but the identity of the authority of teachers not to provide information, do not answer to the authority of the students are mistaken judgments, will not necessarily have to lead a pre-discussion definite conclusions. teachers often do, is to actively guide students center around the question to speak and to promote interaction among students, active play to the organizers, the role of regulator.
In summary, the discussion method use is conditional, it is necessary to consider the content of the right issues, but also to arrange your time, space, personnel, or even have to consider the discipline of the class, and student self-control and so on. Generally speaking, the teaching of the new phase of knowledge , in the basic skills training, when students not prepared in time, is not suitable for use discussion method.
heuristic history teaching Yongnian County, Hebei Province, along the south
towns compared the total school Xu Zhou
heuristic method of teaching is the soul of a variety of teaching methods, should permeate all aspects of the teaching activities, and implement the teaching process from beginning to end. Teachers model and the general requirements in a typical combination of teaching and guidance combined with the additional phase to the positive the principle of cooperation under the guidance may take the form of a variety of inspiration. heuristics in the form below to talk a bit superficial understanding.
one, is asking teachers to inspire the most commonly used is an inspiration in the form, that is based on teaching The focus on key issues raised enlightening. It is often the key place in the textbooks, the turning point and extended at the other proposed moderate difficulty also is conducive to the resonance between teachers and students. Meanwhile, we must refer to the students the correct way of thinking, analyzing problems from the correct position.
Second, it is instructive to ask the opposite question from the perspective of teachers or other point to ask questions, stimulate their thinking and deepen the students understanding of the nature of historical knowledge and train students with Marxist theory the ability to analyze and solve problems.
Third, inspired this observation is the use of pictures, objects, slides and video, such as enhanced visual image rendering ability of students to form a historical representation and thinking in images, and then coaching and inspiring teachers to explain the logic into the next so that students find out the laws or strengthen understanding of the nature of historical knowledge.
four scenarios inspired by this teacher agitation with noble emotion, fun and artistic language, or audio-visual means to render the atmosphere and heighten the theme of historical events or historical figures to life, the formation of a mood, to enhance emotional memory and enable students to receive education from.
V, reasoning is based on the historical development inspired the causal relations and internal relations, inspire students to logical reasoning, and draw valid conclusions.
VI is based on historical facts to determine enlightening, after pulling points, increased to reflect the understanding of the law of development of the height of things, to determine the historical conclusion is that with non.
seven, it is instructive to compare the corresponding two sides of an issue, or to compare different knowledge of history, through inspiration, so that students learn more about understanding of the connotation and extension of knowledge.
eight, inspired by analogy is a common property of some historical knowledge of classification, comparison, inspiring students to find similarities and differences, to enable students to accurately grasp the true meaning of historical knowledge. Meanwhile, to improve ability to identify great benefit of students.
nine, inspired by the convergence of certain historical facts is a comprehensive, through inspiration, come to logical conclusion, so that students understand the historical knowledge of the feelings to rational knowledge, access to deep , a strong concept or theory.
ten, the proliferation of inspiration is a problem-centered, multi-angle questions for students to layers of deep thinking, re-combination of knowledge, multi-access to knowledge, is the thinking of a variety of answers inspired form. It can develop students ability to work, but also can stimulate the enthusiasm of the students and the creative spirit. For example, say this issue through to a given problem, and guide students to think multi-enable students to firmly grasp the basics, and flexible use of learned knowledge, replicability, by analogy.
heuristic could take different forms, but in principle only A: that teachers play a leading role in the premise, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the students, initiative and creativity, based on their mastery of knowledge, capacity and ideological education for the purpose.
the wisdom of building the language classroom
Solid Zhen Ping County, Hebei Province wide central school curriculum
PATHOLOGY expected life of the classroom should be met, the mind similar to the classroom, is Zhiyiwennan place, the truth is through dialogue to explore the place. This class is a complex, dynamically generated, it is always in the ordered and disordered development of the integration. Therefore, today's educational needs of our personnel to construct, with the wisdom to practice.
you how to play the educational wisdom of constructing a new language class do?
one, with the wisdom Optimize Teaching Design
instructional design blueprint for classroom teaching. Optimize Teaching Design, it is necessary to ascertain a thorough understanding of course content and learning on the basis of the situation, seize the few entry point:
(a) of the inventive, the creation of the new situation.
We often have such a feeling: a many times on old texts, seems to have been hard to dig out new ideas, but some people still can Off the beaten track, the old text on a new level. Creative instructional design is always the charm.
(b) of the discerning, digging training points.
target language class should be implemented in the ontology language of the text experience on the perception . superficial learning a language should not have a large area of Our language classroom presents a different kind of exciting.
(c) imaginative, design development practice.
to expand our practice in the language classroom nowadays is very common. We see the expansion of good practice can be timely focus for the break, and resolve difficult service; good development practice to develop the students thinking, and promote the use of knowledge transfer; good design practice to expand flashing brilliant teacher of wisdom.
Second, with the wisdom to control the language classroom.
sway talented classroom teachers and the wisdom of the stage. classroom teachers is a complex challenge, it is dynamically generated and can create many exciting moments.
(a) random clever Reviews
Teachers timely and appropriate reviews, they are trying to dialogue with the soul is thought the collision sparks, but also the wisdom to lead a higher level. We should develop intelligent, distinctive language assessment for students while in the mental and physical pleasure crops and inspiration.
(b) take advantage of the opportunity generation
Health and development process, classroom teaching is the ever-changing, and resourcefulness of teachers is actually a kind of mental art is long out of practice teaching practice.
(c) to calmly deal with
a teacher of wisdom, to capture opportunities from the embarrassment, of mediocre to wonderful, miraculous, educating people play the harmonious melody. on the classroom a species reflects the profound cultural literacy.
In short, the language which is full of ideas, full of spirit, full of wisdom of the discipline. The classroom is a more challenging place full of wisdom. language education as an art of existence, does have its the unique magic of amazing. which is what we as educators need to continue the pursuit of a thing.
using open-book examination of the political book County Vocational Education Center Takeshi new
open-book examination, in which the important role of textbooks is understandable, then, how to make good use of textbooks, to help us accurately and quickly answer, do have something luxurious. I by examiners and markers, many students found the answer in the use of textbooks when there are more harm than good practice, are summarized as follows:
one question from the book to find
This is the part of the students study and review in the usual in, out of luck, the class the teacher talked about examples, or their book done in the supplementary questions and answers patiently, dense copy space in the textbooks, some of the textbooks cover both the original text lived. examination, by ...
Sunday, February 20, 2011
KT deep pits American Pastoral Fantasy Sanshiliangting fitting space
KT hostess is a full control, so, in the pastoral style to see pink when fresh, was attracted to. However, you can integrate into the home-improvement hobby, but also know how to fit full length, not only pay attention to pink, then finally set the American pastoral style, together we feel this American pastoral style visual enjoyment it brings to us!
deep flavor of American Pastoral, and the choice of furniture in the kitchen, the obvious so old, people will feel a deep sense of American looked pastoral flavor. stable atmosphere, but fresh and matte finish,
housing decoration decorated head of the household situation
Sanshiliangting
fitting words: Sanshiliangting American pastoral style decoration decoration decoration fresh style of second-hand housing The balcony outside decoration
can see the whole picture area, front of line of sight is very good
entrance and living room has a side entrance
~ ~ This stool was used as a stool wearing shoes, and just below you can put shoes, the door will look a lot cleaner.
look at the living room the living room watching TV headlights
backdrop that I want to feel fresh garden air
hey, this rocking chair, love da
there next to the living room couch, small lights, very elegant
table ~ ~ our family is a series of chairs, or a pile of cushions and matching sofa
this wallpaper my kitchen
really is not
tender to the master bedroom of our family, my walk-in wardrobe to meet the requirements of
white and purple, super warm, very like the tone, looking very comfortable home
red makeup users 97 years of flavor, Room 2, Level 3, Office of stylish simplicity (Figure) transformation of the whole program of small size magic trick to break the space limitations of 40 (Photos) Important: guard against false information bloggers winning large public opinion survey carried out in the hot flavor of the red makeup home User Level 97 Room 2 Room 3 simple fashion (Figure) transformation of the whole program of small size magic trick to break the space limitations of 40 (Photos) Sina BLOG feedback message board About Sina SINA English
deep flavor of American Pastoral, and the choice of furniture in the kitchen, the obvious so old, people will feel a deep sense of American looked pastoral flavor. stable atmosphere, but fresh and matte finish,
housing decoration decorated head of the household situation
Sanshiliangting
fitting words: Sanshiliangting American pastoral style decoration decoration decoration fresh style of second-hand housing The balcony outside decoration
can see the whole picture area, front of line of sight is very good
entrance and living room has a side entrance
~ ~ This stool was used as a stool wearing shoes, and just below you can put shoes, the door will look a lot cleaner.
look at the living room the living room watching TV headlights
backdrop that I want to feel fresh garden air
hey, this rocking chair, love da
there next to the living room couch, small lights, very elegant
table ~ ~ our family is a series of chairs, or a pile of cushions and matching sofa
this wallpaper my kitchen
really is not
tender to the master bedroom of our family, my walk-in wardrobe to meet the requirements of
white and purple, super warm, very like the tone, looking very comfortable home
red makeup users 97 years of flavor, Room 2, Level 3, Office of stylish simplicity (Figure) transformation of the whole program of small size magic trick to break the space limitations of 40 (Photos) Important: guard against false information bloggers winning large public opinion survey carried out in the hot flavor of the red makeup home User Level 97 Room 2 Room 3 simple fashion (Figure) transformation of the whole program of small size magic trick to break the space limitations of 40 (Photos) Sina BLOG feedback message board About Sina SINA English
Thursday, February 17, 2011
I have his team had
From this month onwards I will play a new management role, to take on new responsibilities and obligations of the.
Yesterday was the last day of March, with the former manager made the transition work also will have to manage with their own The team conducted a formal communication. could see that they are accidents, but also the original manager is very sad farewells. Emotionally, I understand that takes away people's love is very cruel. but from work, I also understand that the leadership This arrangement of care and thought. So, even if in the beginning, I did not make the existing team fully convinced. However, I believe, in future work, I will use my power to make them understand me, understand me, and the trust and support me. more convinced that I will create a high quality, efficient management team. led them to create a good performance. and for their development to provide a broader platform.
4 1 has come, the responsibility and pressure has to be borne up by myself. strive to do the work in front of it be possible to look to the future. believe in yourself can do it!
Yesterday was the last day of March, with the former manager made the transition work also will have to manage with their own The team conducted a formal communication. could see that they are accidents, but also the original manager is very sad farewells. Emotionally, I understand that takes away people's love is very cruel. but from work, I also understand that the leadership This arrangement of care and thought. So, even if in the beginning, I did not make the existing team fully convinced. However, I believe, in future work, I will use my power to make them understand me, understand me, and the trust and support me. more convinced that I will create a high quality, efficient management team. led them to create a good performance. and for their development to provide a broader platform.
4 1 has come, the responsibility and pressure has to be borne up by myself. strive to do the work in front of it be possible to look to the future. believe in yourself can do it!
Wednesday, February 16, 2011
A person's past
A person's past as a leave tree leaves, can not mean anything, can only prove the existence of this man! We only see the branches are sprouting tomorrow,
see a real person, after all that is always looking ahead! there can only represent the past, and tomorrow represents the meaning of life! I increasingly feel the emptiness, like a leaf his
white paper! empty faint, did not rely on! < br> One day, suddenly fell in love with a touch of blue, a touch of Feng Qing was clear, a touch of sentimentality, I do not know why, I always like sadness,
more often of their own, hiding themselves and their own lonely space speak.
gradually in love with a man, like the quiet contemplation, let your thoughts away from the body, began to travel far away, the wind gentle, the heart the clear.
later hh
wounded heart has been forgotten , pain is what, perhaps forgetting is a process, I told myself not cry, be strong than anyone.
bloom season is always so beautiful, and yet so short, and I did not have time value, and some what has quietly become a memory.
some people some things and not come too early, that is, to the late fate of the helpless and sometimes is so funny! time to stop the run,
also chase chase not on, everything around is changing, and people have become numb and want to escape but can not escape.
a man on the stage, sing happy, sad dance, though lonely, but lovely looking. understand the complex mood, the taste of life.
the wind stopped, the clouds know. I learned to thin to taste, taste the secret of happiness and sadness, and bitter youth. In fact, the taste of loneliness,
just as well . I will look up the horizon a man alone that a beautiful rainbow!
cup of Qingming, semi-scholarly memo. Tonight, Fengqing shadow move, fragrance overflowing hills.
out of the window curtain half moon, a ray of flowers, gently filled the dusk. real estate broker, fragrant, light scent of ink in the palm at the flood, fingertip lay out the gorgeous,
in my words slowly Perfectionist.
this time, set a few in the space program, a place where Guqin. toast on the invitation, real estate broker defloration, message to the mind of silver pad, in a performance of the Qing Yang.
or a cup of tea, a roll of scholarly companions, in the ethereal curls in scholarly step of the elegance of the Tang, Song tenderness, cast aside years of vicissitudes, to listen to the strings sounded hh
see a real person, after all that is always looking ahead! there can only represent the past, and tomorrow represents the meaning of life! I increasingly feel the emptiness, like a leaf his
white paper! empty faint, did not rely on! < br> One day, suddenly fell in love with a touch of blue, a touch of Feng Qing was clear, a touch of sentimentality, I do not know why, I always like sadness,
more often of their own, hiding themselves and their own lonely space speak.
gradually in love with a man, like the quiet contemplation, let your thoughts away from the body, began to travel far away, the wind gentle, the heart the clear.
later hh
wounded heart has been forgotten , pain is what, perhaps forgetting is a process, I told myself not cry, be strong than anyone.
bloom season is always so beautiful, and yet so short, and I did not have time value, and some what has quietly become a memory.
some people some things and not come too early, that is, to the late fate of the helpless and sometimes is so funny! time to stop the run,
also chase chase not on, everything around is changing, and people have become numb and want to escape but can not escape.
a man on the stage, sing happy, sad dance, though lonely, but lovely looking. understand the complex mood, the taste of life.
the wind stopped, the clouds know. I learned to thin to taste, taste the secret of happiness and sadness, and bitter youth. In fact, the taste of loneliness,
just as well . I will look up the horizon a man alone that a beautiful rainbow!
cup of Qingming, semi-scholarly memo. Tonight, Fengqing shadow move, fragrance overflowing hills.
out of the window curtain half moon, a ray of flowers, gently filled the dusk. real estate broker, fragrant, light scent of ink in the palm at the flood, fingertip lay out the gorgeous,
in my words slowly Perfectionist.
this time, set a few in the space program, a place where Guqin. toast on the invitation, real estate broker defloration, message to the mind of silver pad, in a performance of the Qing Yang.
or a cup of tea, a roll of scholarly companions, in the ethereal curls in scholarly step of the elegance of the Tang, Song tenderness, cast aside years of vicissitudes, to listen to the strings sounded hh
Tuesday, February 15, 2011
Tell you a true Yang Lei
Super Girl final ended in Chengdu, such as the buds are like, we Lei-lei Although the two sets on the PK, but the near misses and smooth the top three promotion from her dream and into a big step. The last few days, Lei-lei, and other two strong from Chongqing to Chengdu, Changsha and then to Beijing, to accept a number of media access, Lei-lei front of the camera, his voice, generous, and very elegant but at the same time, ladies and acts are disclosed an all demeanor.
However, we are never satisfied with her bud in front of the camera showing the way, we would like to know more about her, into her world. Recently, the author QQ chat rooms, and Lei-lei, a very good friend around detailed talk about deep, mastered a lot of valuable information. Now, let's talk about friends with the man, step Ru Leilei the world, it will give me a real show Yang Lei, a girl With music in the famous dream of the previous ordinary and simple life.
2005 years, one morning, the warm sun shining, Wansheng District of Chongqing Peace stood outside the school to primary school identified a ponytail, the tall little girl, her arms crossed in the pocket, a pair of black eyes quietly looked at the door of the school, past pupils curious looking at this beautiful big sister, who Unexpectedly, this is their music teacher will be graduated from a teachers college music programs in Chongqing, Yang Lei.
Yang Lei, a very young age with his parents to the Pine Valley area, and from school, she points back to the logical the Pine Valley area, seven top eight down, and we finally found a job Lei-lei, elementary school music teacher in peace, Bishop second and third grade. At that time, the results of at least the Yang Lei's parents relieved, I believe the majority of bud all know, Lei-lei's family is very common, even when young is poor, and Lei-lei parents are the most kind-hearted Chinese people, the kind of the most honest people, so many years, devoted themselves to their the apple of pulling into a cute girl to become a teacher. I believe they meet. this time, we do not know how you think Lei-lei, in short, she accepted the assignment, embarked on a pleasant working jobs.
this man of Chongqing, a division, branch secretary of the class group, school discipline ministers, in her study hard in school to get the work momentum, and soon in school, becoming the students are one of favorite teachers, of course, causes and her beautiful looks, loving temperament are inseparable. in to do their essential work, she also revealed the nature of singing and dancing, often represented her school in million Sheng area performances, cultural activities, and have achieved good results. I so much long-winded reason why we all know what the reason is to tell the majority of the buds are, at this time of the Lei-lei, very ordinary, In a small town, quiet books to teach and live the days of dull.
purpose today is to the author that the stars of heaven towed back to earth, therefore, can speak some very real, very trivial things in front of me some of the situations mentioned in the post, I am afraid Lei-lei really come across, braving the early morning to go to school two panda eyes, the face of mischievous students helpless stare of wages for the hand! So my heart cried. nothing wrong, no one would like to end his salary is a very attractive figure, but in our country in the current tight funding for education, a small town in an ordinary primary school teacher, or the Vice Division of Education Music teachers can get the proportion of wages, then it is to use radio telescopes can not see. So go complain complain, Lei-lei, or holding this meager wages continue to teach her the book. She is at school a good teacher, at home is a sensible daughter. When the big city of white-collar salary of women who took a lot of money to do today, SPA, buy a LV bag tomorrow, do not know when to call home, when the even the parents do not want it when the birthday. Lei-lei with their pathetic to the family income but also thinking about adding something, but also necessary to maintain their usual number of overhead. hands is relatively tight. Therefore, Lei-lei is very frugal with money, it will not spend money. her morning walk to work, but in order to save a dollar fare. She bought things the hard bargain hundred and forty dollars Kandao ninety yuan traded clothes ; generally start from the ankle cut. can be a thirty yuan to buy the wrong clothes and heartache half; price for a pair of shoes and so on and so on for three months, until the color of shoes, of course, the price is the absolute value, discount! buy small things, for five dollars, she can speak on the half price and the seller. but she will spend half a month's wages to his mother to buy a package and not a frown on his brow. I said listening to her friends together, Lei-lei many times they could not stand muttering and businesses where a half-day, but you do not help her check out. thrift Although we Lei-lei but not stingy, and never petty advantages. Lei-lei is really born Liz She never used any cosmetics, but it has a lot of other girls to spend the money to bring up the good face, good skin! God kissed a Western girl, Audrey Hepburn to become the world b star, which time, God chose Lei-lei, though she did not know how the future stardom, but at least her face save a huge amount spent on overhead. to see where the buds should know, I want to tell you what! That is, our family of Lei-lei Although impoverished, although sometimes with emotion: She lived an extraordinary effort on their own lives, but warm.
always longing to the next level. This time, Lei-lei only participate in the competition for what in the end, I do not know, but from the media interviews from a number of clues to her previous experience, we can draw some conclusions: She, With a musical dream, she loved to sing, she wants to put his own voice, their feelings spread to millions of households can also be So, she loved the stage that feeling and that high level of control of their own, all their feelings bloom that kind of pleasure! I believe, when she was singing was the most fun! decimal seven from the start, she is the first stage is the most stressful one, each endured their own eyes the tears came to power, she was always in a very short period of time completely into the role. Sun Guoqing said she was racing type of player, that he World Cup has seen a lot! in my opinion, this is simply not enough to describe! Lei-lei is entirely a singer, she is born for the song! just standing on the stage, as long as the music starts, she can dominate everything! in During that time, anything can go, the greater the pressure, the better her performance! pressure should be the final day she is the biggest, but the facts have proven that she's These, to help her advance the top three. To put the fate point, Lei-lei twenty years after the fate of the strings, Shen V, has begun to play the louder the note, otherwise, how lucky this time she continued it? did not mind being inside me would demand the students went to the game, did not intend to participate in Super Girl, but overslept happens at that time. It is said that Lei-lei pass the cut thanks to crying! these words down really good, the first application to Chengdu, when the Lei-lei we actually lost, weeping on the phone! so she sent her students register on-site. to get there, registration is over, she began to cry, so Chengdu, a kind of security to the girl in front of her. and the security of her face crying Ewha rain, simply sent directly to her before the judges. Do not convinced! not every girl can have so much effect cry , or else there would be How many broken hearts! But I say, who would dare to stand up and say that she should not cry? could not find in a strange way the city should not cry? watch their dreams can not be achieved, can not sing should not cry? looked at his sister should not leave you crying? looked at Mom and Dad do everything for themselves, no longer report should not cry? her cry! let you know what to do, let her make you feel sad is the world's largest sin. However, when the Lei-lei when he laughs, her smile could melt the hardest of ice, allowing instant cold snowy bloom of green! make you feel the pain of another big does not matter, until now, have this kinds of biological functions, and only an angel! So, we can be a bud really lucky, because we will be able to enjoy the angels in heaven do not touch, you can see her smile. Our heart is also very good bud We hope that all people can share our joy. And then, finally I want to clarify is that the success of Lei-lei! is given to her mission. those who do not enlighten the people, the ability to reason on your own God. < br> Of course, regardless of Lei-lei is an angel sent down from heaven, no matter what she has a mission, in the real world, in her face behind the starry now, she is just an ordinary girl. perhaps chance encounter in the way you make your eyes light up, and the girl pass you by. Maybe that is your neighbor every day with a smile and say hello to the little girl. just went into her, you will find that Lei-lei There are many girls who are now in common, like nice clothes; love and friends fooling around; like snacks; do not like the esoteric TV, like to watch entertainment news, programs; holding a thick book will doze off point. But she and many girls do not like Lei-lei do not like the Internet, users will not talk all night, but not foolish enough to run out to see friends; Lei-lei, said she is computer illiterate, more than two hours before the computer will dizziness, she had not played any computer games, the most good, love of the game is ...... Audition! Lei-lei her to eat slowly, eat more vegetables, rice is very little, not picky eaters, however. ..... definitely not fat. Lei-lei is very good, do not like to see other people fight, hate the extent that not even watch war movies. mad like small animals, the kind of very small, of course, not know what it feels like she cockroaches! Lei-lei timid, but a horror movie, of course, must have someone there, so the result is often accompany her to see who she was scared half to death. Lei-lei is crying Maybe the pain would not let her cry, but ...... if you see her eyes began to flood the time, please note that something must have touched her had. There was just this girl who able to attract your tip of the iceberg, and only you well to understand her, listen to her voice, you will find that this is what a pure, pretty little girl. has now rare in her traditional oriental women subtle kind of restrained beauty, but some modern women's vitality and openness. She is the ancient Chinese mythology, the princess and the queen of the Western magical world of the perfect combination of both gentle and charming, pleasant and noble. Such a girl how could not fit super woman standing on the stage? how could she not let people crazy!
there are many stories of Lei-lei, if you want to know, then come join the family bud
However, we are never satisfied with her bud in front of the camera showing the way, we would like to know more about her, into her world. Recently, the author QQ chat rooms, and Lei-lei, a very good friend around detailed talk about deep, mastered a lot of valuable information. Now, let's talk about friends with the man, step Ru Leilei the world, it will give me a real show Yang Lei, a girl With music in the famous dream of the previous ordinary and simple life.
2005 years, one morning, the warm sun shining, Wansheng District of Chongqing Peace stood outside the school to primary school identified a ponytail, the tall little girl, her arms crossed in the pocket, a pair of black eyes quietly looked at the door of the school, past pupils curious looking at this beautiful big sister, who Unexpectedly, this is their music teacher will be graduated from a teachers college music programs in Chongqing, Yang Lei.
Yang Lei, a very young age with his parents to the Pine Valley area, and from school, she points back to the logical the Pine Valley area, seven top eight down, and we finally found a job Lei-lei, elementary school music teacher in peace, Bishop second and third grade. At that time, the results of at least the Yang Lei's parents relieved, I believe the majority of bud all know, Lei-lei's family is very common, even when young is poor, and Lei-lei parents are the most kind-hearted Chinese people, the kind of the most honest people, so many years, devoted themselves to their the apple of pulling into a cute girl to become a teacher. I believe they meet. this time, we do not know how you think Lei-lei, in short, she accepted the assignment, embarked on a pleasant working jobs.
this man of Chongqing, a division, branch secretary of the class group, school discipline ministers, in her study hard in school to get the work momentum, and soon in school, becoming the students are one of favorite teachers, of course, causes and her beautiful looks, loving temperament are inseparable. in to do their essential work, she also revealed the nature of singing and dancing, often represented her school in million Sheng area performances, cultural activities, and have achieved good results. I so much long-winded reason why we all know what the reason is to tell the majority of the buds are, at this time of the Lei-lei, very ordinary, In a small town, quiet books to teach and live the days of dull.
purpose today is to the author that the stars of heaven towed back to earth, therefore, can speak some very real, very trivial things in front of me some of the situations mentioned in the post, I am afraid Lei-lei really come across, braving the early morning to go to school two panda eyes, the face of mischievous students helpless stare of wages for the hand! So my heart cried. nothing wrong, no one would like to end his salary is a very attractive figure, but in our country in the current tight funding for education, a small town in an ordinary primary school teacher, or the Vice Division of Education Music teachers can get the proportion of wages, then it is to use radio telescopes can not see. So go complain complain, Lei-lei, or holding this meager wages continue to teach her the book. She is at school a good teacher, at home is a sensible daughter. When the big city of white-collar salary of women who took a lot of money to do today, SPA, buy a LV bag tomorrow, do not know when to call home, when the even the parents do not want it when the birthday. Lei-lei with their pathetic to the family income but also thinking about adding something, but also necessary to maintain their usual number of overhead. hands is relatively tight. Therefore, Lei-lei is very frugal with money, it will not spend money. her morning walk to work, but in order to save a dollar fare. She bought things the hard bargain hundred and forty dollars Kandao ninety yuan traded clothes ; generally start from the ankle cut. can be a thirty yuan to buy the wrong clothes and heartache half; price for a pair of shoes and so on and so on for three months, until the color of shoes, of course, the price is the absolute value, discount! buy small things, for five dollars, she can speak on the half price and the seller. but she will spend half a month's wages to his mother to buy a package and not a frown on his brow. I said listening to her friends together, Lei-lei many times they could not stand muttering and businesses where a half-day, but you do not help her check out. thrift Although we Lei-lei but not stingy, and never petty advantages. Lei-lei is really born Liz She never used any cosmetics, but it has a lot of other girls to spend the money to bring up the good face, good skin! God kissed a Western girl, Audrey Hepburn to become the world b star, which time, God chose Lei-lei, though she did not know how the future stardom, but at least her face save a huge amount spent on overhead. to see where the buds should know, I want to tell you what! That is, our family of Lei-lei Although impoverished, although sometimes with emotion: She lived an extraordinary effort on their own lives, but warm.
always longing to the next level. This time, Lei-lei only participate in the competition for what in the end, I do not know, but from the media interviews from a number of clues to her previous experience, we can draw some conclusions: She, With a musical dream, she loved to sing, she wants to put his own voice, their feelings spread to millions of households can also be So, she loved the stage that feeling and that high level of control of their own, all their feelings bloom that kind of pleasure! I believe, when she was singing was the most fun! decimal seven from the start, she is the first stage is the most stressful one, each endured their own eyes the tears came to power, she was always in a very short period of time completely into the role. Sun Guoqing said she was racing type of player, that he World Cup has seen a lot! in my opinion, this is simply not enough to describe! Lei-lei is entirely a singer, she is born for the song! just standing on the stage, as long as the music starts, she can dominate everything! in During that time, anything can go, the greater the pressure, the better her performance! pressure should be the final day she is the biggest, but the facts have proven that she's These, to help her advance the top three. To put the fate point, Lei-lei twenty years after the fate of the strings, Shen V, has begun to play the louder the note, otherwise, how lucky this time she continued it? did not mind being inside me would demand the students went to the game, did not intend to participate in Super Girl, but overslept happens at that time. It is said that Lei-lei pass the cut thanks to crying! these words down really good, the first application to Chengdu, when the Lei-lei we actually lost, weeping on the phone! so she sent her students register on-site. to get there, registration is over, she began to cry, so Chengdu, a kind of security to the girl in front of her. and the security of her face crying Ewha rain, simply sent directly to her before the judges. Do not convinced! not every girl can have so much effect cry , or else there would be How many broken hearts! But I say, who would dare to stand up and say that she should not cry? could not find in a strange way the city should not cry? watch their dreams can not be achieved, can not sing should not cry? looked at his sister should not leave you crying? looked at Mom and Dad do everything for themselves, no longer report should not cry? her cry! let you know what to do, let her make you feel sad is the world's largest sin. However, when the Lei-lei when he laughs, her smile could melt the hardest of ice, allowing instant cold snowy bloom of green! make you feel the pain of another big does not matter, until now, have this kinds of biological functions, and only an angel! So, we can be a bud really lucky, because we will be able to enjoy the angels in heaven do not touch, you can see her smile. Our heart is also very good bud We hope that all people can share our joy. And then, finally I want to clarify is that the success of Lei-lei! is given to her mission. those who do not enlighten the people, the ability to reason on your own God. < br> Of course, regardless of Lei-lei is an angel sent down from heaven, no matter what she has a mission, in the real world, in her face behind the starry now, she is just an ordinary girl. perhaps chance encounter in the way you make your eyes light up, and the girl pass you by. Maybe that is your neighbor every day with a smile and say hello to the little girl. just went into her, you will find that Lei-lei There are many girls who are now in common, like nice clothes; love and friends fooling around; like snacks; do not like the esoteric TV, like to watch entertainment news, programs; holding a thick book will doze off point. But she and many girls do not like Lei-lei do not like the Internet, users will not talk all night, but not foolish enough to run out to see friends; Lei-lei, said she is computer illiterate, more than two hours before the computer will dizziness, she had not played any computer games, the most good, love of the game is ...... Audition! Lei-lei her to eat slowly, eat more vegetables, rice is very little, not picky eaters, however. ..... definitely not fat. Lei-lei is very good, do not like to see other people fight, hate the extent that not even watch war movies. mad like small animals, the kind of very small, of course, not know what it feels like she cockroaches! Lei-lei timid, but a horror movie, of course, must have someone there, so the result is often accompany her to see who she was scared half to death. Lei-lei is crying Maybe the pain would not let her cry, but ...... if you see her eyes began to flood the time, please note that something must have touched her had. There was just this girl who able to attract your tip of the iceberg, and only you well to understand her, listen to her voice, you will find that this is what a pure, pretty little girl. has now rare in her traditional oriental women subtle kind of restrained beauty, but some modern women's vitality and openness. She is the ancient Chinese mythology, the princess and the queen of the Western magical world of the perfect combination of both gentle and charming, pleasant and noble. Such a girl how could not fit super woman standing on the stage? how could she not let people crazy!
there are many stories of Lei-lei, if you want to know, then come join the family bud
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)